Immunization of man with typhoid and cholera vaccine. Agglutinating antibodies after intracutaneous and subcutaneous injection

Abstract

Young men were immunized against cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid A, and paratyphoid B. Agglutinating antibodies were measured 3 weeks after completion of the immunization schedule. Two injections separated by a 4-week interval were found to be as efficient as three injections with 1-week intervals.Intracutaneous immunization with one-fifth of the standard subcutaneous dose was just as efficient as the standard subcutaneous immunization and did not cause greater general or local reaction.

Immunization of man with salmonella vaccine and tetanus-diphtheria vaccine. Dose-response relationship, secondary response, and competition of antigens

“…doses results in agglutinating antibody titres as high as those obtained with 1.0 ml. doses given subcutaneously (Clasener & Beunders, 1967). The dose-response correlation found in this study demonstrates that this result is dependent on the intracutaneous route: when 0-2 ml.…”

“…With particulate microbial antigens there is no difference between primary and secondary response such as is found with toxoids (Burnet & Fenner, 1949;Bauer, Mathies & Stavitsky, 1963). The absence of a secondary response to salmonella vaccine probably also explains the fact that in our first experiment (Clasener & Beunders, 1967) the group that received three injections did not produce more agglutinating antibodies than the group that received two injections. It seems very important in this connexion that in field trials the protection after one injection of typhoid vaccine was found to be as high as that after two injections (Yugoslav Typhoid Commission, 1964; Ashcroft, Ritchie & Nicolson, 1964).…”

“…During an investigation into intracutaneous typhoid immunization (Clasener & Beunders, 1967) we encountered the problem of the dose-response relationship in the immunization of man with typhoid vaccines. Since the literature (see Stevens, 1956) contained no relevant data on the combination of antigen, antigen dose, and species we were interested in, an experiment seemed necessary.…”

Intradermal versus subcutaneous immunization with typhoid vaccine

“…It was also found that the reaction to vaccination was lower after intracutaneous immunization. These observations have been confirmed in a series of studies during the forties and fifties as summed up by Clasener & Beunders (1967). On the other hand, some observers have come to different conclusions (Morgan, Favorite & Horneff, 1943;Luippold, 1944; Bardhan, Dutta & Krishnaswami, 1963).…”

“…In the present as well as in other studies (Luippold, 1944;Bardhan et at. 1963;Clasener & Beunders, 1967) the intracutaneous and subcutaneous routes of immunization have been shown to elicit a similar serum antibody response. Typhoid fever is, however, primarily an intestinal disease, the port of entry being in the gut.…”