Immunity to Leukemia, Lymphoma, and Fibrosarcoma in Cats: A Case for Immunosurveillance

Essex, Max

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-3051-6_2

Cited by 25 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…It is known that infected cats are able to elicit antibodies against different components of FeLV (18)(19)(20)(21)(22). However, until now the detection of antibodies to FeLV had limited significance for several reasons: first, there is no evidence that reliable antibody detection can predict FeLV infection; second, it is not known which antibodies are suitable; and third, the existence of endogenous FeLV (enFeLV) is widespread in cat populations in that every cell in every single cat harbors multiple copies of enFeLV (23,24).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Antibodies to the Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Transmembrane Protein p15E: an Alternative Approach for Serological FeLV Detection Based on Antibodies to p15E

et al. 2014

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The aim of this report was to investigate whether the diagnosis of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection by serology might be feasible and useful. Among the various viral proteins, the FeLV env-gene product (SU) and the envelope transmembrane protein p15E were considered promising candidates for the serological diagnosis of FeLV infection. Thus, we evaluated p15E and three other FeLV antigens, namely, a recombinant env-gene product, whole FeLV, and a short peptide from the FeLV transmembrane protein, for their potential to detect FeLV infection. To evaluate possible exposure of cats to FeLV, we tested serum and plasma samples from experimentally and naturally infected and vaccinated cats for the presence of antibodies to these antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The serological results were compared with the p27 and proviral real-time PCR results. We found that p15E displayed a diagnostic sensitivity of 95.7% and a specificity of 100% in experimentally infected cats. In naturally infected cats, p15E showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 77.1% and a specificity of 85.6%. Vaccinated cats displayed minimal antibody levels to p15E, suggesting that anti-p15E antibodies indicate infection rather than vaccination. The other antigens turned out to be too unspecific. The lower specificity in cats exposed to FeLV under field conditions may be explained by the fact that some cats become infected and seroconvert in the absence of detectable viral nucleic acids in plasma. We conclude that p15E serology may become a valuable tool for diagnosing FeLV infection; in some cases, it may replace PCR.

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confidence: 99%

Detection of Antibodies to the Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Transmembrane Protein p15E: an Alternative Approach for Serological FeLV Detection Based on Antibodies to p15E

et al. 2014

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“…Second, in households where FeLV-infected leukemic cats are known to be present, a high incidence of active FeLV infection is found in the exposed healthy cats (Hardy et al, , 1976aCotter et al, 1974;Essex et al, 1975e). Third, in households where FeLV-excretor cats are known to be present, the healthy exposed cats have high frequencies of detectable antibody to virus antigens and the feline oncornavirusassociated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA) (Essex et al, 1975e,f, 1976Charman et al, 1976;Essex, 1976;Stephenson et al, 1976). Along with the higher frequencies of detectable FOCMA antibodies, the geometric mean antibody titers are dramatically elevated (Essex et al, 1975e,f, 1976Essex, 1976).…”

Section: Leukemia Of Cats Represents a Clear Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Third, in households where FeLV-excretor cats are known to be present, the healthy exposed cats have high frequencies of detectable antibody to virus antigens and the feline oncornavirusassociated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA) (Essex et al, 1975e,f, 1976Charman et al, 1976;Essex, 1976;Stephenson et al, 1976). Along with the higher frequencies of detectable FOCMA antibodies, the geometric mean antibody titers are dramatically elevated (Essex et al, 1975e,f, 1976Essex, 1976). Fourth, the exposure of previously uninfected cats to FeLV or feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) excretor cats under laboratory conditions results in a high rate of seroconversion for either FeLV or antibody to FOCMA W.…”

Section: Leukemia Of Cats Represents a Clear Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

Horizontal transmission of feline leukemia virus under natural conditions in a feline leukemia cluster household

Essex

Cotter

Sliski

et al. 1977

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Ten post-weanling 4-month-old cats, designated "tracers", were placed in a feline leukemia cluster household to determine the efficiency of horizontal transmission of feline leukemia virus (FeLV). The tracer cats were confirmed as negative for prior exposure to FeLV. Following the placement in the leukemia cluster environment, the tracer cats were serologically monitored at intervals of 3-6 weeks for a total period of 1 year. The tests employed included the detection of FeLV using fixed-cell immunofluorescence and the detection and titration of antibody to : (1) the feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA), as detected by membrane immunofluorescence; (2) viable FeLV, using serum neutralization; (3) virion core protein p30, using radioimmunoprecipitation; and (4) virion glycoprotein gp70, using radioimmunoprecipitation. All of the tracers had evidence of horizontal infection by FeLV, by several criteria. Seven of the 10 had virus that could be isolated from plasma. All of these 7 developed a terminal illness within 18 months; 3 developed aplastic anemia, 3 infectious peritonitis, and 1 lymphoma. The remaining 3 were negative for FeLV by both virus isolation and fixed-cell immunofluorescence. These 3 did, however, develop high antibody titers by all four criteria and they remained healthy throughout the examination period. These results clearly indicate that unprotected pros-weanling cats brought into a leukemia exposure household environment have a high risk of becoming infected with FeLV. Furthermore, a large proportion of the cats are at risk for development of persistent viremia and FeLV-related diseases.

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“…The results suggest that for cytotoxicity to occur it is necessary for the immune lymphocytes to recognize a combination of virus-associated antigens and "self" antigens on the ATF. The similarities between this restricted killing and that caused by cytotoxic T lymphocytes in other mammalian systems are discussed.Studies of cats naturally exposed or experimentally inoculated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) generally indicate that strong antibody responses to virus-associated or induced antigens protect against tumor progression (Essex et al, 1975;Essex, 1977;. This finding is unusual because, in most commonly studied species, tumor immunity is mediated by cellular effector mechanisms (Cerottini and Brunner, 1974;Huber et al, 1980;Wainberg et al, 1982).…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Studies of cats naturally exposed or experimentally inoculated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) generally indicate that strong antibody responses to virus-associated or induced antigens protect against tumor progression (Essex et al, 1975;Essex, 1977;. This finding is unusual because, in most commonly studied species, tumor immunity is mediated by cellular effector mechanisms (Cerottini and Brunner, 1974;Huber et al, 1980;Wainberg et al, 1982).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cellular immune response in the blood of cats is restricted to autochthonous feline sarcoma virus‐transformed cells

McCarty

Grant

1983

Intl Journal of Cancer

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The blood-borne cytotoxic cellular immune response of cats to autochthonous fibroblasts transformed with feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) was examined. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from immune animals were assayed for cytotoxic activity using a 51Cr release microcytotoxicity assay. The time courses for appearance of cytotoxic cells were similar for all cats: effector lymphocytes appeared in the blood 7 days after immunization; peak activity occurred about day 16, and cytotoxic PBL were no longer detectable by 35 days. The specificity of cytotoxic lymphocytes was studied using autochthonous and allogeneic targets. PBL from each of five immunized cats killed autochthonous transformed fibroblast (ATF) targets, but the immune lymphocytes were not cytotoxic for non-transformed autochthonous fibroblasts, for allogeneic fibroblasts transformed with FeSV, or for an allogeneic lymphoma cell line which produces feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Specific restriction of target-cell killing to the ATF occurred at all effector:target-cell ratios tested, and was maintained throughout prolonged assay incubation periods. The results suggest that for cytotoxicity to occur it is necessary for the immune lymphocytes to recognize a combination of virus-associated antigens and "self" antigens on the ATF. The similarities between this restricted killing and that caused by cytotoxic T lymphocytes in other mammalian systems are discussed.

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Immunity to Leukemia, Lymphoma, and Fibrosarcoma in Cats: A Case for Immunosurveillance

Cited by 25 publications

References 125 publications

Detection of Antibodies to the Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Transmembrane Protein p15E: an Alternative Approach for Serological FeLV Detection Based on Antibodies to p15E

Detection of Antibodies to the Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Transmembrane Protein p15E: an Alternative Approach for Serological FeLV Detection Based on Antibodies to p15E

Horizontal transmission of feline leukemia virus under natural conditions in a feline leukemia cluster household

Cellular immune response in the blood of cats is restricted to autochthonous feline sarcoma virus‐transformed cells

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