Immunity to Influenza A Virus Infection in Young Children: A Comparison of Natural Infection, Live Cold-Adapted Vaccine, and Inactivated Vaccine

Johnson, Philip R.; Feldman, Sandor; Thompson, Juliette; Mahoney, Josephine D.; Wright, Peter F.

doi:10.1093/infdis/154.1.121

Cited by 179 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The intranasal route partially escapes the immuno- suppressive effects of maternal serum antibodies (15). Clinical experience with influenza virus vaccines indicates that primary immunization with a live intranasal vaccine is more immunogenic and more broadly protective than with an inactivated vaccine (16). Finally, primary immunization of infants or experimental animals with nonreplicating killed-virus or purified-protein RSV vaccines can prime for immune-mediated enhanced disease upon subsequent exposure to RSV (3).…”

Section: Rsv Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Generation Live Vaccines against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Designed by Reverse Genetics

Collins

Murphy²

2005

Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society

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Development of a live pediatric vaccine against human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is complicated by the need to immunize young infants and the difficulty in balancing attenuation and immunogenicity. The ability to introduce desired mutations into infectious virus by reverse genetics provides a method for identifying and designing highly defined attenuating mutations. These can be introduced in combinations as desired to achieve gradations of attenuation. Attenuation is based on several strategies: multiple independent temperature-sensitive point mutations in the polymerase, a temperature-sensitive point mutation in a transcription signal, a set of non-temperature-sensitive mutations involving several genes, deletion of a viral RNA synthesis regulatory protein, and deletion of viral IFN ␣/␤ antagonists. The genetic stability of the live vaccine can be increased by judicious choice of mutations. The virus also can be engineered to increase the level of expression of the protective antigens. Protective antigens from antigenically distinct RSV strains can be added or swapped to increase the breadth of coverage. Alternatively, the major RSV protective antigens can be expressed from transcription units added to an attenuated parainfluenza vaccine virus, making a bivalent vaccine. This would obviate the difficulties inherent in the fragility and inefficient in vitro growth of RSV, simplifying vaccine design and use.

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Section: Rsv Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Generation Live Vaccines against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Designed by Reverse Genetics

Collins

Murphy²

2005

Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society

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“…101 Nasal IgA antibodies and serum HAI antibody have been correlated with protection from influenza infection. 86,102,103 No precise immunologic correlates of protection by CAIV have been determined, however. Dose escalation studies indicate that the proportion of children who develop an immune response to CAIV increases with increasing dosages of CAIV up to 10 7 TCID 50 .…”

Section: Immunogenicity In Healthy Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CAIV stimulates serum antibody responses more readily in recipients who lack previous immunity to the strains in the vaccine. 67,85,103,105,106 This may be the result of more extensive replication of the vaccine virus in the absence of previous immunity 103 or it may be because preexisting antibody titers mask new immune responses. 67,105,106 Apparent viral interference of influenza A(H3N2) replication on the immunogenicity of the A(H1N1) component in trivalent 107 and bivalent 95 vaccines has been demonstrated in 2 studies in young children.…”

Section: Immunogenicity In Healthy Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical Report: Reduction of the Influenza Burden in Children

Rennels¹,

Meissner²

2002

Pediatrics

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ABSTRACT. Epidemiologic studies have shown that children of all ages with certain chronic conditions, such as asthma, and otherwise healthy children younger than 24 months (6 through 23 months) are hospitalized for influenza and its complications at high rates similar to those experienced by the elderly. Annual influenza immunization is already recommended for all children 6 months and older with high-risk conditions. By contrast, influenza immunization has not been recommended for healthy young children. To protect children against the complications of influenza, increased efforts are needed to identify and recall high-risk children. In addition, immunization of children between 6 through 23 months of age and their close contacts is now encouraged to the extent feasible. Children younger than 6 months may be protected by immunization of their household contacts and out-of-home caregivers. The ultimate goal is universal immunization of children 6 to 24 months of age.

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“…These latter preparations were included to indicate baseline values of immunity and protection (aqueous subunit preparation) and desirable levels of immunity and protection (live virus infection), since studies in man indicate that live influenza virus vaccines confer greater immunity than inactivated preparations.l3' 23 The inclusion of FCA provided an indication of the levels of immunity and protection achievable with an inactivated antigen by using an adjuvant which, although not suitable for use in man,24 is reported to have potent, immune-enhancing proper tie^. ^^ The results indicate that infection of mice with live influenza virus induces the greatest and most persisting antibody responses and protection at both local and systemic levels, confirming previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IgG subclass response and protection against challenge following immunisation of mice with various influenza A vaccines

Ben-Ahmeida

Potter

Gregoriadis

et al. 1994

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Summary. The serum total IgG and IgG subclass and nasal wash IgA and IgG antibody responses of mice to influenza virus A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) subunit preparations administered parenterally as a single dose, incorporated either in immune stimulatory compounds (ISCOMs) or liposomes with Freund's Complete Adjuvant, or as an aqueous material, as well as to live, infectious virus were measured by ELISA at 10 days and 3, 5, 7 and 22 weeks after immunisation. The protection of the upper and lower respiratory tracts provided by these preparations against homologous and heterologous challenge infection was assessed. Of the four variously-presented subunit preparations, influenza subunit ISCOMs induced relatively high and persisting levels of each of the different IgG subclasses, particularly IgG2a, throughout the study, and most nearly approached those observed after intranasal infection of mice with infectious virus. Furthermore, nasal wash IgA and IgG antibody levels, particularly at 5 or 7 weeks after immunisation, were also significantly greater in mice given the subunit ISCOM preparation than those induced by other subunit preparations with adjuvant or subunits given alone, and provided protection of both the upper and lower respiratory tracts against challenge as similar to that elicited by infectious virus.

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Immunity to Influenza A Virus Infection in Young Children: A Comparison of Natural Infection, Live Cold-Adapted Vaccine, and Inactivated Vaccine

Cited by 179 publications

References 28 publications

New Generation Live Vaccines against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Designed by Reverse Genetics

New Generation Live Vaccines against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Designed by Reverse Genetics

Technical Report: Reduction of the Influenza Burden in Children

IgG subclass response and protection against challenge following immunisation of mice with various influenza A vaccines

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