Immunity to diphtheria and tetanus in England and Wales

Maple, P. A. C.; Jones, C S; Wall, E.Clare; Vyse, Andrew; Edmunds, W. John; Andrews, Nicholas; Miller, Elizabeth

doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00184-5

Cited by 72 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…However, adolescents older than 15 years had higher antibody levels than those younger than 15 for tetanus (0.972 vs 0.390, respec- munity, more individuals with up-to-date vaccination cards were found to be fully protected against tetanus. These findings confirm that, as age progresses, a person's susceptibility to tetanus and diphtheria increases if booster doses are omitted (8,9,14,(16)(17)(18)(19).…”

supporting

confidence: 69%

Tetanus and diphtheria immunity in adolescents from São Paulo, Brazil

Dinelli¹,

Fisberg²,

Moraes-Pinto³

2007

Braz J Med Biol Res

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Tetanus and diphtheria vaccines are of special concern in adolescents because boosters are necessary for adequate maintenance of protection and are often omitted. We assessed serum levels of tetanus and diphtheria antibodies in adolescents and their association with vaccination status. From May to October 2001, we evaluated the vaccination records of 208 adolescents aged 10 to 20 years in São Paulo, Brazil. Antibodies to tetanus and diphtheria were detected using double-antigen ELISA and vaccination records were analyzed according to the guidelines of the Brazilian National Immunization Program. All adolescents had received complete primary vaccinations against tetanus and diphtheria, but 23.1% of them had not received a booster dose in the last 10 years. All adolescents were immune to tetanus and 88.9% were fully protected (antibodies ≥0.1 IU/mL). One individual (0.5%) was non-immune to diphtheria and 86% were fully protected against the disease. Adolescents with up-to-date vaccination records had higher antibody levels than those with not up-to-date records for tetanus (0.763 vs 0.239 IU/mL, t-test: P < 0.0001) and diphtheria (0.366 vs 0.233 IU/mL, t-test: P = 0.014). Full immunity against tetanus (antibodies ≥0.1 IU/mL) was higher among individuals with up-to-date vaccination (93.1%) when compared to those with not upto-date records (75%, Fisher's exact test: P = 0.001). All adolescents had received basic immunization in childhood and were protected against tetanus and diphtheria. However, these data indicate that more emphasis should be placed on the tetanus-diphtheria booster in order to avoid a decay in antibody levels.

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supporting

confidence: 69%

Tetanus and diphtheria immunity in adolescents from São Paulo, Brazil

Dinelli¹,

Fisberg²,

Moraes-Pinto³

2007

Braz J Med Biol Res

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“…were not obtained for samples 15,16, and 26, but in the two former samples the prevaccination titer was Ͼ0.1 IU/ml and in sample 26 the postvaccination titer was Ͼ0.1 IU/ml. In all five assays, a 4-fold increase in titer could not be measured for samples 20 and 28.…”

mentioning

confidence: 79%

Technical and Diagnostic Performance of Five Commercial Anti-Diphtheria Toxoid IgG Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits

Faruq

Dadson

Cox

et al. 2010

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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The technical and diagnostic performances of five commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the measurement of anti-diphtheria toxoid IgG antibodies were evaluated. There was good agreement between the relative sensitivities of the five assays, but the relative specificity of one of the assays differed from that of the other four assays. Three of the five assays possessed recoveries of the international reference material NIBSC 00/496 within the range of 90% to 110% at antibody levels >0.1 IU/ml. The data suggest that there are manufacture-dependent differences in relative sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the determination of anti-diphtheria toxoid IgG antibodies that could result in different diagnostic interpretations.

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“…If the antibody titer is above 1.10 IU/mL, it is indicated that long term protection is present, and no booster dose is recommended; it is recommended to conduct titer controls after 5-10 years in these people. [6][7][8] Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2012;32(2) Immunity for tetanus in raletion to various characteristics was summarized in Table 1 and distribution of immunity for tetanus according to age groups and gender were presented in Table 2.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Tetanus Antitoxin Titer Levels in People Over Forty Years of Age

Tosun¹,

Deveci²,

Yücetürk³

et al. 2012

Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci

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A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : Tetanus is a disease that can be prevented with vaccination, but protective antitoxin titers decrease to undetectable levels with old age. The aim of this study is to evaluate tetanus antitoxin levels in individuals over 40 years of age and to investigate the vaccination and physical injury status via survey. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : A total of 361 participants, 178 men and 183 women, were enrolled in the study and blood was drawn from each participant to measure tetanus antibody level by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : Tetanus antibodies were undetectable in 55 male (30.9%) and 71 female patients (38.8%) at the end of the study. It was determined that tetanus antitoxin levels significantly decrease with age in both women and men especially after 50 years of age which is accepted as the limit age in which antibody is likely to be negative. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : In adult age group, booster vaccination for tetanus is recommended every 10 years in developing and developed countries, but this recommendation can not be put into practice as anticipated. Similarly in our country, vaccination of adult age group is not common and tetanus vaccine is not generally administered at every ten years. The results of this study show that one dose of tetanus vaccine should be administered at least to individuals over 50 years of age, and individuals who do not recall their vaccination history should be taken into a three-dose vaccination program.K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : Diphtheria-tetanus vaccine; tetanus antitoxin; tetanus toxoid Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Tetanoz aşı ile önlenebilir bir hastalıktır fakat yaşla beraber koruyucu antitoksin titreleri saptanamayacak düzeylere düşer. Bu çalışmanın amacı 40 yaşın üzerindeki bireylerde tetanoz antitoksin düzeylerini değerlendirmektir. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Bu çalışmada 178 erkek ve 183 kadından oluşan toplam 361 katılımcıdan alınan kan örneklerinde enzim immunoassay (EIA) yöntemiyle tetanoz antitoksin düzeyleri çalışılmıştır. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Tetanoz antikorunun erkeklerin 55 (%30,9)'inde ve kadınların 71 (%38,8)'inde ölçülemeyecek düzeyde olduğu, tetanoz antitoksin düzeylerinin kadınlar ve erkeklerde yaşla beraber azaldığı ve özellikle sınır yaş olarak kabul edilen 50 yaş ile beraber negatif olduğu saptanmıştır. S So on nu uç ç: : Erişkin yaş grubunda gelişmiş ve gelişmemiş ülkelerde tetanoz için her 10 yılda bir rapel aşılaması önerilmesine karşın bu öneri yeterince uygulanamamaktadır. Ülkemizde de erişkinlerin aşılanması yaygın olmayıp 10 yılda bir tetanoz rapeli yeterince yapılamamaktadır. Çalışmamızın sonuçları 50 yaş üzerindeki bireylere en az bir doz tetanoz aşısı uygulanması gerekliliğini ve aşılama geçmişini hatırlamayan bireyler için üç doz aşılama programı uygulanmasının faydalı olacağını düşündürmektedir.A An na ah ht ta ar r K Ke el li im me el le er r: : Difteri-tetanoz aşısı; tetanoz antitoksini...

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Immunity to diphtheria and tetanus in England and Wales

Cited by 72 publications

References 17 publications

Tetanus and diphtheria immunity in adolescents from São Paulo, Brazil

Tetanus and diphtheria immunity in adolescents from São Paulo, Brazil

Technical and Diagnostic Performance of Five Commercial Anti-Diphtheria Toxoid IgG Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits

Investigation of Tetanus Antitoxin Titer Levels in People Over Forty Years of Age

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