Immune Response of Trout to Aeromonas Salmonicida. Part I. Development of Agglutinating Antibodies and Protective Immunity

Experimental studies on the efficacy and side-effects of intraperitoneal vaccination of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) against furunculosis

“…Unlike the other groups, significant protection and high antibody levels were found in salmon vaccinated with monovalent (group A) and trivalent (group F) vaccine three and six months after vaccination. These findings are in agreement with early reports on experimental furunculosis vaccination of salmonids showing that significant protection against furunculosis can be obtained by use of oil adjuvanted A. salmonicida bacterins (Krantz et al, 1963;Krantz et al, 1964;Paterson & Fryer, 1974;Cipriano & Pyle, 1985). In the mineral oil vaccine groups, antibody responses as well as protection increased during the course of the study, whereas a pattern of decreasing immunity was observed in all other groups.…”

“…The immuno-enhancing e#ects of mineral oil adjuvants have been known for nearly 50 years (Freund, 1947), and have been repeatedly demonstrated in salmonid fish (Krantz et al, 1964;Udey & Fryer, 1978;Palmer & Smith, 1980;Olivier et al, 1985a). Their mode of action is thought to be repository, stimulating the production of antibodies over long periods of time.…”

Vibrioantigens of polyvalent vaccines enhance the humoral immune response toAeromonas salmonicidaantigens in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.)

“…The development of protective vaccines against the disease has proved to be very di$cult, and numerous formulations and application methods have been tested with disappointing results (Michel, 1979b). Krantz et al (1964) obtained high antibody titres and protection in brook trout injected with A. salmonicida bacterins containing Freund's incomplete adjuvant. The use of adjuvant systems in fish vaccines was then put aside, until Paterson et al (1985) showed that a furunculosis vaccine containing aluminium salts did have an e#ect.…”

Time of vaccination influences development of adhesions, growth and spinal deformities in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

“…salmonicida was introduced to the Norwegian salmon industry with a shipment of live fish from Scotland in June 1985(Egidius 1987, and caused considerable losses in salmon farms during the late 1980s (Midtlyng 1996). In the early 1990s the work of Krantz et al (1964) describing the superior performance and feasibility of oil-adjuvanted furunculosis vaccines was rediscovered and this technique was subsequently adopted by the industry (Midtlyng 1996(Midtlyng , 1998. The use of oil-based adjuvant systems has proved to induce long-lasting protective immunity against furunculosis (Midtlyng et al 1996b), and largely reduces the risk of disease in fish farming (Midtlyng 1998).…”