Immune-related edemagenic activity of glutamines and glutamic acid, components of immunomodulatory agents

Abstract

A number of compounds, in their structure similar to the immunomodulatory agent adamantylamide-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (AdDP), a desmuramyl analog of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), were compared with respect to their in vivo immunobiological activity. The agents were represented by adamantylamide-peptides or -amino acids differing principally in the nature of glutaminyl moieties. They were all able to induce inflammatory reaction which was prevented by anti-T-cell (TH) mAb, silica, indomethacin and dexamethasone. Responsible for this effect proved to be glutaminyl moieties (glutamine, isoglutamine, or glutamic acid), irrespective of their stereospecificity. Unlike the immunomodulatory molecule of AdDP, neither of the compounds and amino acids were able to stimulate production of antibodies in immunized animals, however.

Immune Modulator Adamantylamide Dipeptide Stimulates Efficient Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I-Restricted Responses in Mice

“…In the case of muramyl peptides and derivatives, most of the studies showed that they are able to stimulate humoral immune responses. However, the results obtained concerning the development of cellular immune responses are either unclear or contradictory (25). Therefore, a detailed analysis of the cellular immune responses stimulated in the presence of AdDP was performed.…”

Effect of muramyl dipeptides on postsynaptic GABA, NMDA, and AMPA receptors and presynaptic NMDA receptors in rat brain

“…MDP stereoisomers have various toxic effects on liver cells. L,D-MDP is 100-fold more toxic than L,L-MDP and D,D-MDP [8,14].Here we studied the effect of MDP on postsynaptic GABA, NMDA, and AMPA receptors and presynaptic NMDA receptors. …”

“…MDP stereoisomers have various toxic effects on liver cells. L,D-MDP is 100-fold more toxic than L,L-MDP and D,D-MDP [8,14].…”