Immune Mechanisms, Pathology, and Management of Allergic Ocular Diseases

Chigbu, DeGaulle I.; Jain, Pooja

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33946-3_4

Cited by 2 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 212 publications

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“…Epithelial cells and fibroblasts of the conjunctiva are non-immune cells that participate in the immunopathogenesis and immunopathology of VKC. Conjunctival epithelium can be activated to secrete cytokine, chemokine, and adhesion molecules that promote the influx of eosinophil and Th2 cells to the site of conjunctival inflammation [ 50 ]. Fibroblasts can be activated to produce mediators of inflammation.…”

Section: Cells and Mediatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leukotrienes, prostaglandin, and platelet-activating factors (PAF) are lipid mediators released by activated and degranulated conjunctival mast cells. Leukotrienes are capable of inducing vasodilation and capillary permeability of conjunctival vessels, whereas prostaglandin D2 plays a role in inducing conjunctival vasodilation, intensifying the ocular itch sensation, and inducing the release of mucus from goblet cells [ 50 , 57 , 58 ]. PAF plays a major role in VKC.…”

Section: Cells and Mediatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is responsible for mucus production via its interaction with conjunctival goblet cells. Prostaglandin D2 has also been shown to intensify pruritus [ 50 , 57 , 58 , 98 ]. IL-5 activates and recruits eosinophils, whereas IL-13 induces mucus production in conjunctival goblet cells [ 51 , 99 , 100 ].…”

Section: Clinicopathological Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunopharmacology in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: Current and Future Perspectives

Chigbu

Labib

2021

Pharmaceuticals

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Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a complex and chronic, multifactorial Th2 cell-mediated chronic ocular surface inflammatory condition that typically affects predominantly male children in hot or warm climates. The primary symptom is intense ocular pruritus, often significant enough to affect activities of daily living. Clinical features differ from simple forms of allergic conjunctivitis in that they are more-or-less confined to the superior tarsus and limbus. There is also a risk of corneal involvement, which leads to irreversible vision loss in approximately 6% of patients. Right now, there is no standardized treatment protocol, and many of the currently available options are not effective in severe and recurrent cases. As such, it is imperative to understand this complex allergic immune response in order to identify future therapeutic targets. This review will focus on potential drug targets in VKC, with particular emphasis on immunomodulators and immunobiologic agents.

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Section: Cells and Mediatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cells and Mediatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunopharmacology in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: Current and Future Perspectives

Chigbu

Labib

2021

Pharmaceuticals

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“…Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is an inflammation of the conjunctiva that involves immune mechanisms mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) and mast cells [ 1 , 2 ]. Although it affects up to 40% of people in the United States, AC is an often underdiagnosed, non-infectious subset of conjunctivitis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Outdoor allergens, such as tree and grass pollen, are the most common stimuli of SAC, whereas indoor environmental allergens such as mold and animal dander are the main inciting agents in PAC [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. In PAC, there is persistent allergen induced crosslinking of multiple IgE-FcεRI complexes on primed mast cells, leading to the persistent degranulation of mast cells and release of mediators that recruit eosinophils [ 1 , 9 ]. The most common feature associated with both SAC and PAC is the activation and degranulation of mast cells that release histamine, tryptase, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines, and chemokines which lead to the inflammatory response in AC [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Targets in Allergic Conjunctivitis

Labib

Chigbu

2022

Pharmaceuticals

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Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is a common condition resulting from exposure to allergens such as pollen, animal dander, or mold. It is typically mediated by allergen-induced crosslinking of immunoglobulin E attached to receptors on primed conjunctival mast cells, which results in mast cell degranulation and histamine release, as well as the release of lipid mediators, cytokines, and chemokines. The clinical result is conjunctival hyperemia, tearing, intense itching, and chemosis. Refractory and chronic cases can result in ocular surface complications that may be vision threatening. Patients who experience even mild forms of this disease report an impact on their quality of life. Current treatment options range from non-pharmacologic therapies to ocular and systemic options. However, to adequately control AC, the use of multiple agents is often required. As such, a precise understanding of the immune mechanisms responsible for this ocular surface inflammation is needed to support ongoing research for potential therapeutic targets such as chemokine receptors, cytokine receptors, non-receptor tyrosine kinases, and integrins. This review utilized several published articles regarding the current therapeutic options to treat AC, as well as the pathological and immune mechanisms relevant to AC. This review will also focus on cellular and molecular targets in AC, with particular emphasis on potential therapeutic agents that can attenuate the pathology and immune mechanisms driven by cells, receptors, and molecules that participate in the immunopathogenesis and immunopathology of AC.

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Immune Mechanisms, Pathology, and Management of Allergic Ocular Diseases

Cited by 2 publications

References 212 publications

Immunopharmacology in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: Current and Future Perspectives

Immunopharmacology in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: Current and Future Perspectives

Therapeutic Targets in Allergic Conjunctivitis

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