Immune-enhancing activities of low molecular weight β-glucan depolymerized by gamma irradiation

Low molecular weight β-glucan stimulates doxorubicin-induced suppression of immune functions in mice

“…However, Liang et al (33) reported that the permeability of polysaccharide was increased in smaller one in M-cell model. Also, recent study by Sung et al (34) imply this finding that the stimulation activity of Peyer's patch cells was more increased in LMG-treated mice than that of HMG-treated mice (34). These results supposed that high molecular weight of polysaccharides like β-glucan might be also taken by the intestinal cells through M-cell, but the permeability could more efficient in low molecular weight.…”

Anti-inflammatory effect of gamma-irradiated genistein through inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages

“…Notably, soybeans, most widely used in Asian countries, are a rich source of biologically active isoflavone, and the anti-inflammatory effect of the soybean isoflavone genistein has been strongly demonstrated in previous studies (Lee and Park, 2013;Nouredine and Guanzhong, 2013;Shirin et al, 2007). It may be speculated that the anti-inflammatory effect of genistein is also improved by gamma irradiation as reported by various previous works showing that the radiation technology can result in an improvement of the quality and bioactivity of natural molecules (Bertok, 2005;Byun et al, 2009;Lee et al, 2012;Nerkar and Bandekar, 1986;Sung et al, 2009). Indeed, gamma-irradiated natural Fig.…”

“…Furthermore, 150 kGy gamma-irradiated genistein significantly inhibited iNOS-mediated NO production, PGE2, COX, and proinflammatory cytokines level, such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, in LPS-induced macrophages as reported by others showing that pro-inflammatory mediators, such as iNOS-mediated NO, PGE2, COX-2, and cytokines, play an important role in the regulation of the inflammatory response (Elenkov and Chrousos, 2002). In view of these findings, it may be speculated that improvement of antiinflammation activity of gamma-irradiated genistein is closely mediated with transformation of GMRP structure from genistein, and these findings are also based on our prior work showing that gamma irradiation plays a key role in the improved physiological activity of various natural molecules Lee et al, 2012;Sung et al, 2009). It has been reported that inflammation induced by LPS in macrophages was caused by iNOS-mediated NO production via activation of the COX-2, PGE2, protein kinase A, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB pathways (Chang et al, 2006).…”

“…It has become clear that the technology induces a change in both the structural and physiological properties of some molecules, which can result in the improvement of the quality and bioactivity of natural molecules (Byun et al, 2008;Lee et al, 2005). Furthermore, our previous studies were able to demonstrate that various gamma-irradiated natural molecules, such as silk protein, mistletoe, and β-glucan, showed an improved quality or bioactivity in the field of anticancer, anti-oxidation, and immune-enhancing activities Lee et al, 2012;Sung et al, 2009). In recent years several studies have reported that the development of radiation technology is clinically documented to be an effective treatment for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and painful degenerative disorders (Micke and Seegenschmiedt, 2002;Seegenschmiedt et al, 2000).…”

Immunomodulatory effect of γ‐irradiated Astragalus polysaccharides on immunosuppressed broilers

“…However, γ irradiation has been considered as a useful method to modify the structure of polysaccharides by cleavaging of the glycosidic bonds and exposing more functional groups with increased mobility (Khan et al, 2015). Some previous studies reported that γ-irradiated β-glucan possessed enhanced immunoregulatory activity by increasing the production of cytokine (e.g., IL-2, IFNγ) and promoting spleen cell proliferation (Methacanon, Weerawatsophon, Tanjak, Rachtawee, & Prathumpai, 2011;Sung et al, 2009). Some previous studies reported that γ-irradiated β-glucan possessed enhanced immunoregulatory activity by increasing the production of cytokine (e.g., IL-2, IFNγ) and promoting spleen cell proliferation (Methacanon, Weerawatsophon, Tanjak, Rachtawee, & Prathumpai, 2011;Sung et al, 2009).…”