Immune dysfunction following COVID-19, especially in severe patients

Song, Cong-Ying; Xu, Jia; He, Jianqin; Lu, Yuan-Qiang

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72718-9

Cited by 65 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Among others parameters, mild and severe forms of the COVID-19 are characterized by a marked decrease in the total number of peripheral blood lymphocytes including T cells, both CD4+ and CD8+, B lymphocytes and Natural Killer (NK) cell (Song et al, 2020). It is interesting to note that T cells from severe patients present an effector, activated and senescent phenotype mainly associated with CD8+ cells (Vardhana and Wolchok, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

T-Helper Cell Subset Response Is a Determining Factor in COVID-19 Progression

Gil‐Etayo

Suàrez-Fernández

Cabrera-Marante

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

129

137

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The immune response type organized against viral infection is determinant in the prognosis of some infections. This work has aimed to study Th polarization in acute COVID-19 and its possible association with the outcome through an observational prospective study. Fifty-eight COVID-19 patients were recruited in the Medicine Department of the hospital “12 de Octubre,” 55 patients remaining after losses to follow-up. Four groups were established according to maximum degree of disease progression. T-helper cell percentages and phenotypes, analyzed by flow cytometer, and serum cytokines levels, analyzed by Luminex, were evaluated when the microbiological diagnosis (acute phase) of the disease was obtained. Our study found a significant reduction of %Th1 and %Th17 cells with higher activated %Th2 cells in the COVID-19 patients compared with reference population. A higher percent of senescent Th2 cells was found in the patients who died than in those who survived. Senescent Th2 cell percentage was an independent risk factor for death (OR: 13.88) accompanied by the numbers of total lymphocytes (OR: 0.15) with an AUC of 0.879. COVID-19 patients showed a profile of pro-inflammatory serum cytokines compared to controls, with higher levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-15, and IP-10. IL-10 and IL-13 were also elevated in patients compared to controls. Patients who did not survive presented significantly higher levels of IL-15 than those who recovered. No significant differences were observed according to disease progression groups. The study has shown that increased levels of IL-15 and a high Th2 response are associated with a fatal outcome of the disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

T-Helper Cell Subset Response Is a Determining Factor in COVID-19 Progression

Gil‐Etayo

Suàrez-Fernández

Cabrera-Marante

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

129

137

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, it has been shown that COVID-19 convalescent patients possess both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells responsive to SARS-CoV-2 antigens 3 . Furthermore, severe COVID-19 is associated with lymphopenia including loss of both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells 4 – 6 . However, it is not known whether lymphopenia contributes to severe COVID-19 or is an effect of the disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and development of anamnestic immune responses in T cell-depleted rhesus macaques

Hasenkrug

Feldmann

Myers

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Severe COVID-19 has been associated with T cell lymphopenia 1,2, but no causal effect of T cell deficiency on disease severity has been established. To investigate the specific role of T cells in recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infections we studied rhesus macaques that were depleted of either CD4+, CD8+ or both T cell subsets prior to infection. Peak virus loads were similar in all groups, but the resolution of virus in the T cell-depleted animals was slightly delayed compared to controls. The T cell-depleted groups developed virus-neutralizing antibody responses and also class-switched to IgG. When re-infected six weeks later, the T cell-depleted animals showed anamnestic immune responses characterized by rapid induction of high-titer virus-neutralizing antibodies, faster control of virus loads and reduced clinical signs. These results indicate that while T cells play a role in the recovery of rhesus macaques from acute SARS-CoV-2 infections, their depletion does not induce severe disease, and T cells do not account for the natural resistance of rhesus macaques to severe COVID-19. Neither primed CD4+ or CD8+ T cells appeared critical for immunoglobulin class switching, the development of immunological memory or protection from a second infection.

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“…The number of NK cells in the peripheral blood of patients was decreased compared to healthy people, and even in the COVID-19 patients' group, severe cases had a further decrease in NK cell counts compared to mild cases ( Fig. 2 ) ( 23 42 43 44 45 ). The NK cell population comprises cytotoxic CD56 dim CD16 + NK cells and cytokine-producing CD56 bright CD16 − NK cells conferred with immunoregulatory functions.…”

Section: Innate Immune Cells In Humansmentioning

confidence: 89%

Understanding the Host Innate Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Pathogenesis

et al. 2021

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The emergence of a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has become a significant health concern worldwide. Undoubtedly, a better understanding of the innate and adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and its relationship with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis will be the sole basis for developing and applying therapeutics. This review will summarize the published results that relate to innate immune responses against infections with human coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 in both humans and animal models. The topics encompass the innate immune sensing of the virus to the dysregulation of various innate immune cells during infection and disease progression.

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Immune dysfunction following COVID-19, especially in severe patients

Cited by 65 publications

References 33 publications

T-Helper Cell Subset Response Is a Determining Factor in COVID-19 Progression

T-Helper Cell Subset Response Is a Determining Factor in COVID-19 Progression

Recovery from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and development of anamnestic immune responses in T cell-depleted rhesus macaques

Understanding the Host Innate Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Pathogenesis

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