Immobilization of Eversa® Transform via CLEA Technology Converts It in a Suitable Biocatalyst for Biolubricant Production Using Waste Cooking Oil

Abstract

The performance of the previously optimized magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregate of Eversa (Eversa-mCLEA) in the enzymatic synthesis of biolubricants by transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) with different alcohols has been evaluated. Eversa-mCLEA showed good activities using these alcohols, reaching a transesterification activity with isoamyl alcohol around 10-fold higher than with methanol. Yields of isoamyl fatty acid ester synthesis were similar using WCO or refined oil, confirming that this biocatalyst could be utilized to transform this residue into a valuable product. The effects of WCO/isoamyl alcohol molar ratio and enzyme load on the synthesis of biolubricant were also investigated. A maximum yield of around 90 wt.% was reached after 72 h of reaction using an enzyme load of 12 esterification units/g oil and a WCO/alcohol molar ratio of 1:6 in a solvent-free system. At the same conditions, the liquid Eversa yielded a maximum ester yield of only 34%. This study demonstrated the great changes in the enzyme properties that can be derived from a proper immobilization system. Moreover, it also shows the potential of WCO as a feedstock for the production of isoamyl fatty acid esters, which are potential candidates as biolubricants.

Is enzyme immobilization a mature discipline? Some critical considerations to capitalize on the benefits of immobilization

“…101 Furthermore, in many instances, only a properly immobilized enzyme will be able to perform the target reaction in an adequate way. [114][115][116][117][118] Hence, immobilization may still be critical to the application of enzymes in many processes.…”

Production of Jet Biofuels by Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Esters and Fatty Acids: A Review

“…Therefore, some companies have launched liquid lipase formulations recommended for enzymatic biodiesel production [158]. However, several studies show how the immobilization of these enzymes, launched to be used in free form, may further improve their features [186][187][188][189][190][191][192]. In this regard, enzyme immobilization is justified not only to facilitate the recovery and reuse of the enzyme but also to improve the enzyme features significantly.…”

Formulation of Biogreases derived from Mahua and Karanja Oil

“…Bashiri et al (Bashiri et al, 2021)explained the formation of biolubricants from sun ower waste cooking oil in which formation of triester in FTIR showed the peak at 1738cm − 1 that is due to carbonyl vibration. The formation TMP triester showed the peak around 1744.19 cm − 1 of C = O group in ester during esteri cation of rubber seed oil with TMP (Ishak & Salimon, 2012).According to the lubricating oil spectrum, it is observed that the intense band at 1738 cm − 1 corresponds to the carbonyl group of the ester formed after the transesteri cation reaction (Guimarães et al, 2021).The absorption peak of Jatropha oil based TMP esters showed at 1740 cm − 1 (Heikal et al, 2017). The absence of -OH peak in the region of 3300 cm − 1 showed that the -OH groups present in TMP were successfully converted to ester groups of biolubricants.…”