Immigration, ethnicity, and avoidable mortality in Canada, 1991–2006

Omariba, D. Walter Rasugu

doi:10.1080/13557858.2014.995155

Cited by 32 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…An exception to the female mortality advantage was identified for causes of death amenable to only medical care and public health, which contrasted findings for immigrants and long-term residents in a larger Canadian study. 12 Specifically, for causes amenable to medical care, we found higher age-adjusted mortality rates among female immigrants compared with male immigrants and among female long-terms residents compared with male long-term residents. This finding may illustrate persistent barriers for female immigrants around access and usage of primary care services in Ontario.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…11 In a recent study, the immigrant health advantage was shown to extend partially to avoidable mortality, in that mortality rates from several preventable and treatable causes were estimated to be lower among immigrants compared with non-immigrants. 12 In contrast to their health advantage, recent research has shown an income gap between immigrants and Canadian-born residents. 13 Recent immigrants were 2.6 times more likely to be classified as low-income, relative to non-immigrants, 13 and the gap has been relatively unchanged from the year 2000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Socioeconomic gradients in all-cause, premature and avoidable mortality among immigrants and long-term residents using linked death records in Ontario, Canada

Khan

Urquia

Kornas

et al. 2017

J Epidemiol Community Health

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BackgroundImmigrants have been shown to possess a health advantage, yet are also more likely to reside in arduous economic conditions. Little is known about if and how the socioeconomic gradient for all-cause, premature and avoidable mortality differs according to immigration status.MethodsUsing several linked population-based vital and demographic databases from Ontario, we examined a cohort of all deaths in the province between 2002 and 2012. We constructed count models, adjusted for relevant covariates, to attain age-adjusted mortality rates and rate ratios for all-cause, premature and avoidable mortality across income quintile in immigrants and long-term residents, stratified by sex.ResultsA downward gradient in age-adjusted all-cause mortality was observed with increasing income quintile, in immigrants (males: Q5: 13.32, Q1: 20.18; females: Q5: 9.88, Q1: 12.51) and long-term residents (males: Q5: 33.25, Q1: 57.67; females: Q5: 22.31, Q1: 36.76). Comparing the lowest and highest income quintiles, male and female immigrants had a 56% and 28% lower all-cause mortality rate, respectively. Similar trends were observed for premature and avoidable mortality. Although immigrants had consistently lower mortality rates compared with long-term residents, trends only differed statistically across immigration status for females (p<0.05).ConclusionsThis study illustrated the presence of income disparities as it pertains to all-cause, premature, and avoidable mortality, irrespective of immigration status. Additionally, the immigrant health advantage was observed and income disparities were less pronounced in immigrants compared with long-term residents. These findings support the need to examine the factors that drive inequalities in mortality within and across immigration status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic gradients in all-cause, premature and avoidable mortality among immigrants and long-term residents using linked death records in Ontario, Canada

Khan

Urquia

Kornas

et al. 2017

J Epidemiol Community Health

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“…With these linked-data, it is possible to analyze all-cause mortality differences according to several socioeconomic factors (Wilkins et al 2008;Mustard et al 2013), in particular, place of birth (Omariba et al 2014;Omariba 2015) and ethnic origin or Aboriginal identity (Tjepkema et al 2009(Tjepkema et al , 2010(Tjepkema et al , 2012a, as well as cause-specific mortality differences by occupation and skill level (Mustard et al 2010;Tjepkema et al 2013b), by educational attainment (Tjepkema et al 2012b), and by income level (Tjepkema et al 2013a). In most cases, the studies find a gradient in mortality favouring persons of higher SES (with skilled jobs, higher levels of education, higher incomes, etc.…”

Section: Socioeconomic Inequalities In Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends, patterns, and differentials in Canadian mortality over nearly a century, 1921-2011

Bourbeau

Ouellette

2016

CSP

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In the past 90 years, remarkable progress has been made in substantially improving survival and longevity in Canada, establishing it among today's group of very low mortality countries. We use several demographic indicators of all-cause and cause-specific mortality to illustrate the nature of these major advances throughout the lifespan. Reviewing the literature on trends in Canadian mortality, we also uncover various challenges for the decades to come. Reducing or even eliminating important disparities in mortality that persist with regards to geography and several socioeconomic factors is one of the greatest challenges ahead.Keywords: mortality, longevity, health, trends, Canada. RésuméAu cours des 90 dernières années, le Canada a connu des progrès remarquables en matière de survie et de longévité, ce qui le situe parmi le groupe de pays à très faible mortalité. Plusieurs indicateurs démographiques de mortalité générale et par cause sont utilisés pour montrer la nature de ces avancées à tous les âges de la vie. La revue des connaissances sur la mortalité canadienne a aussi permis de mettre en relief les défis des prochaines décennies. Réduire, voire supprimer les différences importantes de mortalité qui persistent selon la région et selon plusieurs caractéristiques socioéconomiques représente un de ces principaux défis.

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“…The recent studies [80][81][82] demonstrated that ethnicity was associated with poorer symptom recognition, and protective health-related behaviors that lead to delay in seeking care. The findings of this systematic review confirm the association between ethnicity and longer delay time.…”

Section: Association Between Ethnicity and Time Taken To Seek Care Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between ethnicity and delay in seeking medical care for chest pain

Wechkunanukul¹,

Grantham²,

Damarell³

et al. 2016

JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports

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Immigration, ethnicity, and avoidable mortality in Canada, 1991–2006

Cited by 32 publications

References 57 publications

Socioeconomic gradients in all-cause, premature and avoidable mortality among immigrants and long-term residents using linked death records in Ontario, Canada

Socioeconomic gradients in all-cause, premature and avoidable mortality among immigrants and long-term residents using linked death records in Ontario, Canada

Trends, patterns, and differentials in Canadian mortality over nearly a century, 1921-2011

The association between ethnicity and delay in seeking medical care for chest pain

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