Imaging Anatomy of the Human Brain

Borden, Neil M.; Neuroradiologist,; Vermont,; Forseen, Scott E.; Section, Neuroradiology; Augusta,; Georgia, ); Stefan, Cristian; Former,; Radiology, Neurology

doi:10.1891/9781617051258

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…We delimited the frontal pole according to different criteria: it should match the functional anatomy for known species (macaques and humans, essentially) and be reliable enough to be applied to other species using macroscopic neuroanatomical landmarks. We integrated these criteria and the data from the literature on brain atlases of rhesus macaques and humans (Borden, Stefan, & Forseen, 2015;Saleem & Logothetis, 2007) to define visible limits of the frontal pole, as shown in Figure 1. The anterior limit of the frontal pole was defined as the anterior limit of the brain.…”

Section: Processing Of Brain Mri and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking the evolution of two prefrontal brain regions to social and foraging challenges in primates

Bouret

Paradis

Prat

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The diversity of cognitive skills across primates remains both a fascinating and a controversial issue. Recent comparative studies provided conflicting results regarding the contribution of social vs ecological constraints to the evolution of cognition. Here, we used an interdisciplinary approach combining comparative cognitive neurosciences and behavioral ecology. Using brain imaging data from 16 primate species, we measured the size of two prefrontal brain regions, the frontal pole (FP) and the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), respectively involved in metacognition and working memory, and examined their relation to a combination of socio-ecological variables. The size of these prefrontal regions, as well as the whole brain, was best explained by three variables: body mass, daily travelled distance (an index of ecological constraints) and population density (an index of social constraint). The strong influence of ecological constraints on FP and DLPFC volumes suggests that both metacognition and working memory are critical for foraging in primates. Interestingly, FP volume was much more sensitive to social constraints than DLPFC volume, in line with laboratory studies showing an implication of FP in complex social interactions. Thus, our data clarifies the relative weight of social vs ecological constraints on the evolution of specific prefrontal brain regions and their associated cognitive operations in primates.

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Section: Processing Of Brain Mri and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking the evolution of two prefrontal brain regions to social and foraging challenges in primates

Bouret

Paradis

Prat

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory neural cells have a dendritic end portion extending through the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity located opposite an end traversing through approximately 15-20 foramina or openings of the cribriform plate and are connected to the olfactory bulb [7,52,54] . The olfactory bulb is positioned within the frontal lobe of the brain and the olfactory tract traverses through the medial temporal lobe of the brain [55] . Next, the olfactory tracts divide at the olfactory trigone into three channels.…”

Section: Olfactory Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological connections and endogenous biochemistry - potentially useful in electronic-nose diagnostics for coronavirus diseases

Miller¹,

Morgera²,

Saddow³

et al. 2021

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As our understanding of infectious diseases, such as coronavirus diseases including, Coronavirus Disease 2019 , as well as human respiratory viral and nonviral diseases, improves, we expect to uncover a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease as it relates to neuroinflammation. This may include associated biomarkers of immune response for neuroinflammation, central nervous system injury, and/or peripheral nervous system injury emitted from the breath and/or odor of an individual. Electronic nose gas sensing technology may have the potential to substantially slow the spread of contagious diseases with rapid diagnostic signal indication for detecting these emitted biomarkers of disease. The biochemistry behind the disease is critical for revealing the target gasses emitted in the breath of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infected individual for the development of such a selective diagnostic screening tool. In this paper, we comprehensively review the evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infection involves an inflammatory response mechanism involving the olfactory nerve route in the brain from the nasal canal suggesting potential candidate volatile organic compound target gas biomarkers, forming the breath pattern signature of COVID-19, that may be detected by electronic nose technologies from a breath sample.

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“…Since the RAS study, several paleoanthropological studies have inferred temporal lobe size and shape changes by analyzing the middle cranial fossa (MCF) as a proxy for the temporal lobe based on the close spatial proximity of the temporal lobe of the brain to the cranial base (Bokde et al, 2005; Borden et al, 2016; Bruner, 2015; Lieberman et al, 2000). The extrapolation of MCF shape changes in fossil Homo were used to infer key evolutionary changes to the temporal lobe shape (Bastir et al, 2008; Bastir et al, 2011) and sulcal pattern evolution (Rosas et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated imaging and phylogenetic comparative methods reassess relative temporal lobe size in anthropoids and modern humans

Pearson

Bruner

Polly

2023

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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Objectives Two decades ago, Rilling and Seligman, hereafter abbreviated to RAS Study, suggested modern humans had relatively larger temporal lobes for brain size compared to other anthropoids. Despite many subsequent studies drawing conclusions about the evolutionary implications for the emergence of unique cerebral specializations in Homo sapiens, no re‐assessment has occurred using updated methodologies. Methods We reassessed the association between right temporal lobe volume (TLV) and right hemisphere volume (HV) in the anthropoid brain. In a sample compiled de novo by us, T1‐weighted in vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans of 11 extant anthropoid species were calculated by‐voxel from the MRI and the raw data from RAS Study directly compared to our sample. Phylogenetic Generalized Least‐Squares (PGLS) regression and trait‐mapping using Blomberg's K (kappa) tested the correlation between HV and TLV accounting for anthropoid phylogeny, while bootstrapped PGLS regressions tested difference in slopes and intercepts between monkey and ape subsamples. Results PGLS regressions indicated statistically significant correlations (r2 < 0.99; p ≤ 0.0001) between TLV and HV with moderate influence from phylogeny (K ≤ 0.42). Bootstrapped PGLS regression did not show statistically significant differences in slopes between monkeys and apes but did for intercepts. In our sample, human TLV was not larger than expected for anthropoids. Discussion Updated imaging, increased sample size and advanced statistical analyses did not find statistically significant results that modern humans possessed a disproportionately large temporal lobe volume compared to the general anthropoid trend. This has important implications for human and non‐human primate brain evolution.

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Imaging Anatomy of the Human Brain

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Linking the evolution of two prefrontal brain regions to social and foraging challenges in primates

Linking the evolution of two prefrontal brain regions to social and foraging challenges in primates

Neurological connections and endogenous biochemistry - potentially useful in electronic-nose diagnostics for coronavirus diseases

Updated imaging and phylogenetic comparative methods reassess relative temporal lobe size in anthropoids and modern humans

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