Imagery and Verbal Ability and Recognition Memory for Pictures and Words in Males and Females

Ernest, Carole H.

doi:10.1080/0144341830030307

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Regarding sex, we predict that females will report increased vividness of visual imagery compared to men (Campos & Fuentes, 2016;Halpern, 2015;McKelvie, 1995), whilst for auditory and motor imagery we predict no association with sex (Campos & Fuentes, 2016;Gissurarson, 1992;Halpern, 2015;Willander & Baraldi, 2010;Campos & Campos--Juanatey, 2014;Ernest, 1983;Sheehan, 1967). In line with previous findings, we expect that increased background experience with sports will be found to be associated with higher visual and motor imagery vividness (Di Corrado, Guarnera, & Quartiroli, 2014;Hall, 2001;Isaac & Marks, 1994), increased background experience with music with higher voluntary auditory imagery and involuntary musical imagery frequency (Aleman et al, 2000;Campos & Fuentes, 2016;Cohen et al, 2011;Janata & Paroo, 2006;Keller & Koch, 2008;Liikkanen, 2011;Hishitani, 2009;Hubbard, 2010;Moreno et al, 2008;Oxenham et al, 2008;Seashore, 1938Seashore, /1967, and experience with video games will be positively associated with increased involuntary visual and musical imagery frequency (Ortiz de Gortari, 2019).…”

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Some studies show that females report higher imagery vividness than males for the voluntary visual INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN MENTAL IMAGERY 6 (Campos & Fuentes, 2016;Halpern, 2015;McKelvie, 1995) and auditory (Sacco & Reda, 1998) modalities, which could indicate either different processes or reporting styles between sexes. However, other studies find no differences between the sexes for voluntary visual, voluntary as well as involuntary auditory, and motor modalities (Campos & Fuentes, 2016;Campos & Pérez--Fabello, 2011;Floridou et al, 2015;Gissurarson, 1992;Halpern, 2015;Willander & Baraldi, 2010;Campos & Campos--Juanatey, 2014;Ernest, 1983;Sheehan, 1967).…”

Section: Individual Differences In Aspects Of Mental Imagerymentioning

confidence: 94%

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Individual Differences in Mental Imagery in Different Modalities and Levels of Intentionality

Floridou¹,

Peerdeman²,

Schaefer³

2019

Preprint

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Mental imagery is a highly common aspect of everyday cognitive functioning. While substantial progress is being made in clarifying this fundamental human function, much is still unclear or unknown. Examining individual differences in age, sex, and background experience in an activity in relation to the sensory and motor modality and intentionality level of imagery as well as the relation between them will contribute to a more comprehensive account of this mental function. The current online study combined multiple imagery self-report measures in a sample (n=279) with a substantial age range (18-65), aiming to identify whether age, sex, or background experience in sports, music, or video games were associated with aspects of imagery in the visual, auditory, or motor stimulus modality and voluntary or involuntary intentionality level. The findings show weak associations between age and auditory imagery aspects, weak associations between sex and visual imagery, and relations of music and video game experience with involuntary musical imagery. Moreover, all imagery stimulus modalities were associated to each other, for both intentionality levels, except involuntary musical imagery, which was only related to voluntary auditory imagery. These results replicate previous research but also contribute new insights, showing that individual differences in age, sex, and background experience can make modest contributions to various aspects of imagery. The findings can inform the growing domain of applications of mental imagery to clinical and pedagogical settings.

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Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Individual Differences In Aspects Of Mental Imagerymentioning

confidence: 94%

Individual Differences in Mental Imagery in Different Modalities and Levels of Intentionality

Floridou¹,

Peerdeman²,

Schaefer³

2019

Preprint

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“…Moreover, although there was a slight tendency for the effect of spatial ability to be more pronounced in the case of the more concrete dimension, none of the interactions involving the factor of spatial ability even approached statistical significance (P > 0-2 in every case). Of course, one possible explanation of these results is that the Flags Test is not an adequate measure of spatial ability, as Ernest (1983) has argued. It is, however, functionally very similar to the sorts of mental rotation tasks which have been investigated by Shepard and his colleagues (Shepard & Metzler, 1971 ;Metzler & Shepard, 1974;Cooper & Shepard, 1979), and which are frequently taken to be paradigmatic of the use of mental imagery.…”

Section: Effects Characteristic Of Mental Imagerymentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of mental imagery in models of transitive inference

Richardson¹

1987

British J of Psychology

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The idea that mental imagery might be implicated in transitive inference has not received any substantial experimental confirmation. In contrast, the involvement of mental imagery has received clearer support in research on symbolic or mental comparisons. Moreover, the two areas of research have produced quite different accounts of the cognitive representations which the use of mental imagery might promote. This investigation considered whether effects attributable to mental imagery could be identified in transitive inference using a task as similar as possible to that involved in symbolic comparisons. Neither the concreteness of the transitive dimension nor the spatial ability of the subjects had any effect upon performance, while the concreteness of the stimuli was negatively related to performance. It was concluded that mental imagery probably plays no role at all in transitive inference, and that its involvement in symbolic comparisons is limited to decisions in which relevant information is available in long-term or semantic memory.A transitive inference is a valid deduction based on a set of comparative sentences which define an ordering of items along some dimension. A typical problem of this type (variously known as a linear syllogism or a three-term series problem) would be: Fred is better than Dave; Jack is worse than Dave; who is best? The notion that mental imagery might be implicated in solving such a problem was first proposed by De Soto et af. (1965). On the basis of subjects' introspective reports, they suggested that a linear syllogism was solved by constructing a directionally marked mental axis on which the three terms were placed; the solution to the linear syllogism could then be 'read off' this mental representation by inspecting their relative positions.In order to obtain independent evidence for this notion, De Soto et af. demonstrated that ordering relations varied in the extent to which they were consistently tied to a specific orientation in 'cognitive space'. Orderings based upon evaluative relations (such as 'better than' or 'worse than') seemed to be clearly and consistently tied to a vertical axis in mental space in which a higher location represented a more positive evaluation. However, other relations (such as 'lighter than' or 'darker than' with respect to hair colour) were not associated with any specific orientation; rather, there was a general tendency to orientate the sequence of items in a downward direction on the basis of their order of presentation. They then demonstrated that the relative ease or difficulty of syllogisms of various types depended on the extent to which there existed either an explicit indication of relative location (as in the case of 'above' vs. 'below' or 'to the left of' vs. 'to the right of') or a consistent intrinsic association between the ordering in question and the assignment of items to relative locations in a spatial array (as in the case of 'better than' vs. 'worse than'). This was subsequently replicated by Handel et al. (1968) using a vari...

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“…They were then presented with the 40-word main list, again aurally at 8 seconds per word. They were then presented with an 80-word recognition list, comprising the 40 words from the main list and an additional 40 words; for each word, the subject was asked to decide whether the word had been included in the main list, and to rate his/her level of confidence (CL) in the correctness of that answer (1 = just a guess; 2 = not very sure; 3 = pretty sure; 4 = very sure) [20]. The proportion of area below the ROC curve, P(A), was calculated on the basis of these scores, being a measure of sensitivity or discrimination between two alternatives [58,59].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ernest [20] measured the correlation between imaging capacity and recognition accuracy, and between imaging capacity and confidence-weighted accuracy, in a sample of 209 undergraduates, who were given a list of 40 words to learn. Confidence-weighted accuracy was measured on a scale of 1 (= guessing) to 4 (= very confident).…”

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confidence: 99%

Metamemory: Effects of Age and Imaging Control Capacity

Campos

Pérez-Fabello

Gómez-Juncal

2007

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

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The present study aimed to investigate the possible influences of age and imaging control capacity on word recognition accuracy (i.e., accuracy of identification of words presented previously), and level of confidence in the correctness of answers. A total of 129 subjects aged 20-40 years (n = 49), 41-60 years (n = 40), or over 60 years (n = 40), all with university-level education, took part in the study. Subjects were additionally classified as strong or weak imagers on the basis of the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control. All subjects were presented with a list of 40 words, and subsequently with a recognition test list of 80 words (the 40 original words, plus another 40 words); subjects were asked to decide which of the 80 words had been presented previously, and to rate their confidence in each judgment on a 1-4 scale. We obtained significant differences of age on discrimination (A') or P(A), and of imaging control capacity on discrimination (A').Vividness of imagery has been associated with cognitive performance in many experimental studies (e.g., [1-3]), above all with memory (for review, see [4][5][6][7]). However, little is known about the effects of subjects' imaging capacity on metamemory. Mecklenbräuker [8] did not find any relationship between subjects' understanding of mental image concepts and their memory performance. Denis 179 Ó 2007, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.

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Imagery and Verbal Ability and Recognition Memory for Pictures and Words in Males and Females

Cited by 25 publications

References 32 publications

Individual Differences in Mental Imagery in Different Modalities and Levels of Intentionality

Individual Differences in Mental Imagery in Different Modalities and Levels of Intentionality

The role of mental imagery in models of transitive inference

Metamemory: Effects of Age and Imaging Control Capacity

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