“…Spinal glial activation, mainly the microglia and astrocytes, is now considered as an important factor for the development and maintenance of allodynia and hyperalgesia in various chronic pain models, including inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, and BCP (Cao et al, 2014;Ni et al, 2016;Jiang et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2018). The activated glial cells contributed to the early development and maintenance of chronic pain by releasing neuromodulators, such as proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (Miyoshi et al, 2008;Liu et al, 2017). In the present study, BCP induced by intratibial inoculation of Walker 256 cells led to the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn, which was consistent with that of the previous studies (Wang et al, 2011;Hu et al, 2012).…”