Ignitions of explosive dust clouds by smouldering and flaming agglomerates

Dust explosions–Cases, causes, consequences, and control

“…Another measure of the ignitability of a dust layer and intensity of burning of a dust layer is the Combustion Class [45,46]. This classification is based on the behavior of a defined heap when subjected to a gas flame or hot platinum wire: A third categorization of dusts is based on 'K St value'; the term represents the maximum rate of pressure rise in 1 m 3 vessel when a dust is ignited; in other words the 'dust explosion violence' [47].…”

“…A dust may contribute to its own ignition; dusts being poor conductors of heat, a layer of dust on the equipment may prevent heat loss to the atmosphere and thus raise the temperature below the surface of the dust heap to the point of ignition. A smoldering or burning layer can act either directly as an ignition source for a dust cloud or by means of agglomerations or 'nests' of burning material that break away from deposits and ignite a dust cloud in another part of the plant [46].…”

The potential fire and explosion hazards in biomass co-firing with conventional fossil fuels based on data obtained during testing

“…If it is impossible to obtain the appropriate biomass assortment, it is necessary to take into consideration the necessity of developing the fuel system infrastructure. It should primarily comprise a roofed biomass storage area, system of fire hydrants, transport devices, belt conveyors, screw-conveyor feeders, bucket feeders, biomass hopper bunker, biomass mill in the event of installation of dust burners, choppers in the case of boiler fired by chips, and an initial dryer in the event of high humidity contents in biomass [11,12].…”

Clean Strategies for the Management of Residues in Dairy Industries

“…The layer ignition temperature is measured in a standard test for a depth of 5 mm, but because of the insulating effect of dusts, thicker deposits can ignite at lower temperatures (Gummer and Lunn 2003 ) . The practical dangers are that a smoldering or burning layer can act either directly as an ignition source for a dust cloud or by means of agglomerations or nests of burning material, which break away from deposits and ignite a dust cloud in another part of the plant.…”