If my masculinity is threatened I won’t support gender equality? The role of agentic self-stereotyping in restoration of manhood and perception of gender relations.

Abstract

Threats to masculinity can trigger compensatory mechanisms such as risk-taking, aggression, or disparagement of gender atypical others. In Study 1 (N ϭ 76) we tested whether threat to men's agentic self (information about the level of testosterone) influences men's (a) attitudes toward parental duties, and (b) their support for gender equality. Polish men (but not women) whose gender identity was threatened manifested more traditional attitudes toward parental duties, were more willing to endorse stereotypical gender roles, and showed less support for gender equality and less willingness to support collective egalitarian actions. In Study 2 (N ϭ 313) we found that agency is related to gender system justification in men, suggesting a potential mediator of the effects related to compensatory mechanisms evoked by a gender identity threat among men. This was confirmed in Study 3 (N ϭ 131), where participants read a short scientific text either (a) emphasizing the existence of stereotypical gender differences in terms of agency and communality, or (b) claiming that there are no such differences. Results indicated that in the "no differences" condition, men (but not women) showed lower acceptance of gender inequality and a greater willingness to engage in domestic activities. This effect was mediated by participants' self-perceived agency.

A comprehensive measure of attitudes and behaviour: Development of the Support for Gender Equality among Men Scale

“…Acknowledging the impact that men might have if they were to join the gender equality movement, initiatives such as HeForShe (, January 24), Men Advocating Real Change (, January 24), Token Man (, January 24), and The Good Lad Initiative (, January 24) have increased in popularity. In line with these movements, empirical research on how and why men might support gender equality, and when they might not, has accrued (Armstrong, ; Cihangir et al., ; Drury & Kaiser, ; Iyer & Ryan, ; Kosakowska‐Berezecka et al., ). Reviewing the literature and initiatives on men's support for gender equality, however, makes apparent the lack of a consistent, overarching definition and measure of men's support for gender equality: The research has tended to rely on a number of ad hoc measures and scales (see below).…”

“…The literature suggests that there are at least four ways in which men can publicly support gender equality: Men might engage in political activism (Iyer & Ryan, 2009;Stewart, 2016;Subašić et al, 2008;White, 2006), speak up when witnessing gender inequality (Cihangir et al, 2014;Czopp & Monteith, 2003;Czopp, Monteith, & Mark, 2006;Drury & Kaiser, 2014;Eliezer & Major, 2011;Rasinski & Czopp, 2010;Stangor et al, 2003), show a general interest in discourse on gender equality (Houvouras & Carter, 2008;Kaufman & Kimmel, 2011;Lemaster, Strough, Stoiko, & DiDonato, 2015), and foster an inclusive workplace culture (Armstrong, 2016;Liff & Cameron, 1997). Within the domestic sphere, men's support might include treating one's partner respectfully (Frei & Shaver, 2002;Hendrick & Hendrick, 2006;Hirsch, 2003;Vannoy, 1996), an equal division of household chores (Deutsch, 1999;Dotti Sani, 2014;Kosakowska-Berezecka et al, 2016;Lyness & Brumit Kropf, 2005), and equal involvement in parenting and childcare (Deutsch, 1999;Gärtner, 2007;Haas, 2003;Kato-Wallace et al, 2014;Scambor et al, 2014). While these behaviours are certainly important with regard to female romantic partners they can further be applied to female relatives, friends, or housemates.…”

O Exercício Parental Contemporâneo E a Rede De Cuidados Na Primeira Infância

“…Mas se por uma lado esta pode ser uma solução para conciliar trabalho e família, por outro pode limitar o crescimento profissional. Kosakowska-Berezecka et al, (2016) sugerem que para diminuir os conflitos entre trabalho e família é necessário desnaturalizar a associação entre maternidade e renúncia.…”

O cuidado parental igualitário: implicações para a construção de um modelo de interação triádica pai-mãe-bebê

“…Os pais têm se inserido mais nos cuidados infantis que nas atividades de manutenção doméstica. De acordo com Kosakowska-Berezecka et al (2016), isso se justificaria por uma associação menos conflituosa entre cuidado infantil e paternidade, o que não se estabelece em relação ao trabalho doméstico, que em alguns casos torna-se uma ameaça ao estatuto da masculinidade por ser considerado um trabalho feminino e inferior.…”

“…No contexto das confrontações entre família e trabalho, algumas empresas têm desenvolvido políticas family-friendly (amigas da família) ou father-friendly (amigas do pai) no intuito de promover ações que auxiliem na conciliação entre as esferas familiar e laboral, exemplo do acesso à creches, da flexibilização do regime de trabalho part-time (meio período) e o aumento da licença-paternidade (Kosakowska-Berezecka et al, 2016;Ruitenberg & Beer, 2014;Stevens, 2015).…”