This paper examines where problems of shipping policy jurisdiction between international, supra-national and national levels have occurred. These range across the issues of public goods -safety, security and environment -and show up inadequacies in the current shipping policy-making processes. New frameworks -commonly termed "polycentric governance" and "multi-level governance" -sensitive to the complexities of the maritime industry and its associated political structure urgently need to be adopted. The paper is based upon research work recently carried out across the European Union supported by a number of publications and will include examples from Greece, the United King dom, Spain, France and also the new member states. Suggestions for improvements in policymaking structures will be made and recommendations put forward for consideration by policy-makers in the maritime sector at all jurisdictional levels
IntroductionPublic involvement in shipping is directed into two main areas -that of economic support in the form of subsidies, promotion of the shipping sector with especial reference to the creation of employment, and market issues -essentially the maintenance of a competitive environment and protection from monopoly tendencies; and the protection of public goods which the market would otherwise neglect. The latter category includes three widely agreed major items -maintenance of safety in shipping and ports, ensuring security within the industry and protection of the environment from the harmful effects of air, water and noise pollution. Effective development of each of these public concerns is dependent upon a meaningful and sensitive process of policy-making within all political institutions that allows the development of policies at various jurisdictional levels, most appropriate to the issue in question. These policy-levels are exemplified by international (IMO), supra-national (EU), national (for example Greece and the UK), regional (for example Attica and Devon) and local (for example Piraeus and Plymouth) jurisdictions which in theory work most effectively in a nested hierarchy. Each needs to speak to the other and to agree cross-jurisdictional policies for safety, security and the environment in shipping and ports or else their implementation will be largely ineffectual and the impact may be even worse than having no policies at all.