IEEE Standard Test Procedures for Antennas

Zoned near-zero refractive index fishnet lens antenna: Steering millimeter waves

“…For the experiment, the gain is obtained comparing our lens antenna with a horn antenna following the gain comparison method. 26 A high gain of 12.26 dB is found, close to the value obtained in simulation (14.9 dB), which is directly calculated by using the software-implemented farfield monitors. As happened with the enhancement, the gain is slightly better for the non-zoned lens (16.5 dB; not shown in the plot).…”

Opto-spintronics in InP using ferromagnetic tunnel spin filters

“…Following the optical orientation rules for III-V SC [4,12,13,[43][44][45], electronic spins in InP (001) are excited antiparallel to the impinging photon spin ( figure 1(b)). If we consider σ + photoexcitation [38], then spin-up electrons pass the oxide barrier via spin-conserving tunneling and fall into minority spin states of the Ni conduction bands (figure 4(a) inset). This mechanism reveals the measured positive asymmetry in a straightforward manner.…”

“…As an easy-to-implement method, the spin filter detection of electronic spin polarization in InP in this study can perfectly complement upcoming optically pumped DNP experiments which use InP as hyperpolarized agent. [45], adapted to consistency with the IEEE convention [38]). Due to the difference in the transition probabilities for σ ± absorption, an excess of electrons with〈 〉 = ∓ s 1 2 is created [12,45].…”

“…Photons excite colinear spins in the InP (001) surface, detected byU U high low tunnel spin filters (b).deduced from voltage vs. current (IV) sweeps (figure 2) reveal the spin asymmetry of the optically pumped InP. Such IV curves represent a robust and easy transport experiment and provide statistically reliable access to the electronic conductances induced by either σ + or σ − photons (figure 1(b))[38]. The photons (λ = 833.5 nm, ν = h 1.488 eV) originate from a laser diode and are focused to a spot size ⩽ 0.5 mm which matches the free InP area between the spin detection contacts.…”

Photoacoustic detection of circular dichroism in a square array of nano-helices

“…Values of the QPP orientation equal to 45° (plus an integer multiple of 180° correspond to the left circular polarization, while QPP values of 135° (and multiples of 180°) correspond to the right circular polarization. Our definitions for the right and left circular senses follow the ones of the standard IEEE [9]. , and (e) signal ratio calculated from the twe previous signals.…”