Ideological identity, issue-based ideology and bipolar affective polarization in multiparty systems: The cases of Argentina, Chile, Italy, Portugal and Spain

Effects of intellectual humility in the context of affective polarization: Approaching and avoiding others in controversial political discussions.

“…Previous research has used the least liked group paradigm (Bäck et al, 2023; Hofman & Hanitzsch, 2018), considered several outgroup parties simultaneously (Harteveld, 2021; Renström et al, 2021; M. Wagner, 2021), studied attachment to ideological labels such as left–right blocks (Comellas & Torcal, 2023), or divisions based on political camps like the radical right versus other parties (Bantel, 2023). Another approach is to measure affective polarization toward opinion-based groups (Bliuc et al, 2007), as seen in studies related to the Brexit referendum (Hobolt et al, 2021; Simonsson et al, 2022), the Catalan independence conflict (Balcells & Kuo, 2023), issues related to migration (Simonsen & Bonikowski, 2022), or the COVID-19 crisis (Neumann et al, 2021; Schieferdecker, 2021).…”

Effects of Intellectual Humility in the Context of Affective Polarization: Approaching and Avoiding Others in Controversial Political Discussions

“…Previous research has used the least liked group paradigm (Bäck et al, 2023;Hofman & Hanitzsch, 2018), considered several outgroup parties simultaneously (Harteveld, 2021;Renström et al, 2021;M. Wagner, 2021), studied attachment to ideological labels such as left-right blocks (Comellas & Torcal, 2023), or divisions based on political camps like the radical right versus other parties (Bantel, 2023).…”

Economic Threats, Political and National Identification Predict Affective Polarization: Longitudinal Evidence From Spain

“…One mechanism to recover control and cope with threats is identifying with social groups that fulfill individuals' sense of control and belongingness (Fritsche et al, 2011). Thus, threats may motivate identification with some social groups that validate people's feelings, exacerbating animosities and intergroup biases toward other groups (Comellas & Torcal, 2023;Iyengar et al, 2019). Since blaming other social groups and intergroup conflict are common responses after economic crises (Funke et al, 2016), we argue that perceived collective economic threats can leverage some social group identities that foster affective polarization.…”

“…Affective polarization in Spain has increased over the last decades because people moved to ideological extremes with the surge of new left and right political parties, the formation of new coalitions, territorial conflicts (e.g., the Catalonian referendum), and the legitimacy crisis of the government (Bartle et al, 2020;Torcal & Comellas, 2022). Second, territorial issues and partisanship divides are more critical in Spain for exacerbating animosities than differences between policy preferences and issue-based ideologies (Comellas & Torcal, 2023;Miller, 2020). Thus, identities linked to regions can uniquely influence affective polarization in Spain beyond partisan identity.…”