Identifying the moisture source of atmospheric precipitation in a typical alpine river watershed using stable H–O isotopes and HYSPLIT model

Classifying moisture sources associated with snowfall in the mountains of Lesotho

“…Lagrangian Particle Dispersion models can provide detailed constructions and reconstructions of air mass transport and dispersion and they can account for air parcel interactions in the atmosphere such as vertical and horizontal mixing as well as atmospheric turbulence (Xia et al 2013;Stein et al 2015;Katharopoulos et al 2022). These models have been used in exploring the moisture sources of snowfall in various regions around the world such as in China (Li et al 2022), Iran (Bagheri et al 2019) and Northern Europe (Bailey et al 2021). The processes taking place in Lagrangian Particle Dispersion models can also take into consideration the vertical structure of the atmosphere which includes dry and wet deposition of air parcels which are important processes in the modelling of precipitation (Stein et al 2015;Katharopoulos et al 2022).…”

“…Using this back-trajectory analysis, moisture pathways can be classified according to the duration spent circulating a region before precipitation occurs such as in Leketa and Abiye (2020), where moisture patterns were observed up to three days before precipitation occurred. This is enhanced by the HYSPLIT back-trajectory of 72 hours as this is the average or mean residence time of moisture in the atmosphere in southern Africa (Leketa and Abiye 2020;Gimeno et al 2021;Rose et al 2020;Li et al 2022), and falls within the period of influence of mid-latitude cyclones and Cut-off Lows in the region (Majodina and Jury 1996;Singleton and Reason 2006;Xulu et al 2023). A similar approach can also detect the origin of moisture (Rapolaki et al 2020) where back-trajectories were used to determine that rainfall pathways over Lesotho were more strongly associated with in-land moisture sources from inland rivers and lakes rather than moisture sources from the Atlantic Ocean by calculating the average number of times that precipitation occurred after a specific pathway (Rose et al 2020;Li et al 2022).…”

“…This is enhanced by the HYSPLIT back-trajectory of 72 hours as this is the average or mean residence time of moisture in the atmosphere in southern Africa (Leketa and Abiye 2020;Gimeno et al 2021;Rose et al 2020;Li et al 2022), and falls within the period of influence of mid-latitude cyclones and Cut-off Lows in the region (Majodina and Jury 1996;Singleton and Reason 2006;Xulu et al 2023). A similar approach can also detect the origin of moisture (Rapolaki et al 2020) where back-trajectories were used to determine that rainfall pathways over Lesotho were more strongly associated with in-land moisture sources from inland rivers and lakes rather than moisture sources from the Atlantic Ocean by calculating the average number of times that precipitation occurred after a specific pathway (Rose et al 2020;Li et al 2022). Rapolaki et al (2020) placed particular consideration on specific humidity in determining whether a parcel of air along a trajectory is moisture-bearing which, when calculating the maximum specific humidity of a parcel, can indicate the origins of moisture along the air mass trajectory.…”

“…HYSPLIT back-trajectories can also be used in determining the frequency of precipitation contribution from different altitudes. Li et al (2022) observed that 66% of precipitation in alpine regions originates from moisture sources at 2000 m above ground level (agl) by running back-trajectories over an alpine region at different heights for the same precipitation events. HYSPLIT can be used to determine where moisture originates from, how long moisture lingers over a region and from what altitudes moisture bears precipitation (Leketa and Abiye 2020;Rapolaki et al 2020;Li et al 2022).…”

Использование Стабильных Изотопов Водорода, Кислорода И Углерода При Интерпретации Условий Формирования Поверхностных Водных Объектов Ямало-Ненецкого Автономного Округа

“…При изучении природных в од используют стабильные изотопы как самого растворителя, т. е. в одорода и кислорода, так и растворенных веществ, чаще вс его углерода из-за широкого его распространения, простоты и доступности определения, а также показательности с точки зрения взаимодействия вод с окружающей средой [3]. В практике исследований п оверхностных вод изотопные методы применяются не только при решении прямых генетических задач, но и для оценки источников питания [4] и возможности смешения с подземными [5], морскими [6] и боло тными [7] водами, для оценки изменения баланса [8], наличия испарения [9,10], антропогенного загрязнения [11] и т. д.…”