Identifying the Co-Curing Effect of an Accelerated-Sulfur/Bismaleimide Combination on Natural Rubber/Halogenated Rubber Blends Using a Rubber Process Analyzer

Pöschl, Marek; Sathi, Shibulal Gopi; Stoček, Radek

doi:10.3390/polym13244329

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…After that, the samples were dried at 80°C to a constant weight and then weighed again. The crosslinking density was calculated following the Flory–Rehner Equation (), 22 :

- [\ln (1 - v_{r}) + v_{r} + χ v_{r}^{2}] = V_{0} n [{v_{r}}^{\frac{1}{3}} - \frac{v_{r}}{2}],

v_{r} = \frac{ω_{2} ∕ ρ_{2}}{ω_{2} ∕ ρ_{2} + (ω_{1} - ω_{2}) ∕ ρ_{1}},

where

v_{r}

is the volume fraction of polymer in the swollen sample calculated as the Equation (), 23

χ

is the Flory–Huggins parameter between rubber and solvent,

V_{0}

is the molar volume of the solvent, n is the crosslinking density of the sample.

ω_{1}

and

ω_{2}

are the weights of the swollen and de‐swollen samples,

ρ_{1}

and

ρ_{2}

are the densities of 1,4‐Dioxane and the vulcanizates, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where v r is the volume fraction of polymer in the swollen sample calculated as the Equation ( 3), 23 χ is the Flory-Huggins parameter between rubber and solvent, V 0 is the molar volume of the solvent, n is the crosslinking density of the sample. ω 1 and ω 2 are the weights of the swollen and de-swollen samples, ρ 1 and ρ 2 are the densities of 1,4-Dioxane and the vulcanizates, respectively.…”

Section: Crosslinking Density Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19,20 Improving the covulcanization of individual components is very important for rubber/rubber blending technology. 21 Much pioneering work had been done by changing processing methods, [22][23][24] accelerator grafted graphene to narrow the crosslinking rate gap, 20 reactive compatibilizers and cocuring agents, in situ polymerization curing agents. 25,26 Furthermore from the viewpoint of materials technology, the static and dynamic mechanical properties play the most essential role.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved covulcanization and dynamic properties of millable polyurethane elastomer/natural rubber blends: Thermal pretreatment

Cen

2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Millable polyurethane elastomer (MPU) with polytetramethylene etherglycol as the soft segment, 4,4 0 -diphenylmethane diisocyanate extended with 3-Allyloxy-1,2-propanediol as the hard segment, was synthesized. The vulcanization characteristic showed that MPU compounds and natural rubber (NR) compounds presented a mismatch in curing rates under the acceleratorsulfur vulcanization system, with the former showing slower curing rates than the latter regardless of the curing temperature. A feasible thermal pretreatment process was thus used to modify the MPU compounds. The IR spectra showed that the peak intensity ratios of 1460-1600 cm À1 increased with increasing pretreated time, indicating the enhanced reactivity of the pretreated compounds (PMPU). Vulcanization kinetic results further confirmed that the pretreatment process facilitated the curing reaction, as the activation energies of the PMPU compounds were all reduced during the induction period, with the lowest value obtained for the sample pretreated for 2 min (PMPU2). PMPU2 was subsequently mixed with NR in various ratios and compared with the corresponding MPU/NR blend. Here improved covulcanization characteristics were observed for the PMPU/NR blends, which exhibited faster cure rates and higher crosslink density. In addition, higher mechanical properties were presented for these pretreated blends, with the tensile strength of PMPU2/NR vulcanizates increasing by 57.3%, 153.7%, and 49.1% when the blend ratios were 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75, respectively. In particular, the 75/25 PMPU/NR vulcanizate had excellent abrasion resistance comparable to MPU.The dynamic compression performance of the pretreated blends was also improved, with fatigue life and temperature rise increasing by 119.1% and decreasing by 40.5%, respectively, for the 75/25 PMPU2/NR vulcanizate relative to the reference MPU/NR. The DMA data showed that the blend vulcanizates exhibited lower tanδ at 60 C compared with the MPU vulcanizate, and this value was further reduced for the pretreated blend, which has obvious environmental significance in terms of reduced energy consumption.

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“…After that, the samples were dried at 80°C to a constant weight and then weighed again. The crosslinking density was calculated following the Flory–Rehner Equation (), 22 :

- [\ln (1 - v_{r}) + v_{r} + χ v_{r}^{2}] = V_{0} n [{v_{r}}^{\frac{1}{3}} - \frac{v_{r}}{2}],

v_{r} = \frac{ω_{2} ∕ ρ_{2}}{ω_{2} ∕ ρ_{2} + (ω_{1} - ω_{2}) ∕ ρ_{1}},

where

v_{r}

is the volume fraction of polymer in the swollen sample calculated as the Equation (), 23

χ

is the Flory–Huggins parameter between rubber and solvent,

V_{0}

is the molar volume of the solvent, n is the crosslinking density of the sample.

ω_{1}

and

ω_{2}

are the weights of the swollen and de‐swollen samples,

ρ_{1}

and

ρ_{2}

are the densities of 1,4‐Dioxane and the vulcanizates, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Crosslinking Density Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved covulcanization and dynamic properties of millable polyurethane elastomer/natural rubber blends: Thermal pretreatment

Cen

2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…This phenomenon makes the current global total production of elemental sulfur 10–20% more than the global aggregate demand and is expected to continue to increase in the future [ 3 ]. Numerous experiments are carried out and used in various fields, such as hydrogen production from sulfur [ 4 ], sulfur rubber [ 5 ], and sulfur building materials [ 6 ], to consume industrial sulfur on a large scale. Sulfur concrete (SC) prepared using a modified sulfur polymer as a binder is used in different working conditions to replace cement concrete and has excellent performance, such as rapid hardening, corrosion resistance, no seasonal restriction, and recyclability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the Mechanical Properties and Strengthening Mechanism of Solid-Waste–Sulfur-Based Cementitious Composites

Liu

Yan

et al. 2023

Materials

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This research used waste ceramic powder (CP) to replace aggregate, fly ash (FA) as filler, and combined them with sulfur to prepare composite cementitious materials. The variations of the mechanical properties with the aggregate proportions (aggregate mass/total mass) of 65%, 70%, and 75%, and the FA contents (FA mass/aggregate and filler mass) of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% were studied. The correlation evaluation model of sulfur content, CP content, FA content, and mechanical properties was established using the gray correlation theory, and the comprehensive mechanical property evaluation model was established as the foundation of the entropy method. Finally, the optimum proportion of the solid-waste–sulfur-based cementitious composites was determined. Results showed that, without FA, the CP increased from 65% to 75% and the comprehensive mechanical properties of the specimen increased by 60.53%. After FA was added, the peak point of the comprehensive mechanical properties appeared in group S75F10, which was 0.9210. During the hardening of the cementitious material, sulfur was mainly used as a binder, CP played the role of skeleton and part of the filler, whereas, as a crystal nucleus, the FA promoted the transformation of the sulfur crystals. Both the CP and FA can reduce the porosity of the specimen to a certain extent and have potential defect repair ability, thus densifying the matrix and improving the strength. When the proportion of sulfur: CP: FA is 1:2.7:0.3, the flexural (FS), compressive (CS), and splitting tensile (STS) strengths of the specimen are 14.8, 86.2, and 6.8 MPa, respectively. The flexural (FCR) and tensile (TCR) compression ratios are 0.172 and 0.079, respectively.

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The Effect of Apparent Cross-Link Density on Cut and Chip Wear in Natural Rubber

Pöschl

Stoček

Zádrapa

2022

Degradation of Elastomers in Practice, Experiments and Modeling

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Identifying the Co-Curing Effect of an Accelerated-Sulfur/Bismaleimide Combination on Natural Rubber/Halogenated Rubber Blends Using a Rubber Process Analyzer

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Improved covulcanization and dynamic properties of millable polyurethane elastomer/natural rubber blends: Thermal pretreatment

Improved covulcanization and dynamic properties of millable polyurethane elastomer/natural rubber blends: Thermal pretreatment

Investigation on the Mechanical Properties and Strengthening Mechanism of Solid-Waste–Sulfur-Based Cementitious Composites

The Effect of Apparent Cross-Link Density on Cut and Chip Wear in Natural Rubber

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