Identifying optimal parameters for infrared neural stimulation in the peripheral nervous system

Abstract

Significance: Infrared neural stimulation (INS) utilizes pulsed infrared light to selectively elicit neural activity without exogenous compounds. Despite its versatility in a broad range of biomedical applications, no comprehensive comparison of factors pertaining to the efficacy and safety of INS such as wavelength, radiant exposure, and optical spot size exists in the literature.

In Vivo Quantification of the Effectiveness of Topical Low-Dose Photodynamic Therapy in Wound Healing Using Two-Photon Microscopy

“…The pulsed diode lasers at 1450 nm and 1875 nm had a consistently higher (∼1.0 J/cm 2 ) stimulation threshold than that of the Ho:YAG laser at 2120 nm (∼0.7 J/cm 2 ). An acute histological evaluation of diode-irradiated nerves revealed a safe range of radiant exposures for stimulation [44].…”

Vagus nerve bundle stimulation using 1505‐nm laser irradiation in an in‐vivo rat model

“…This scope may be necessary for some clinical applications and especially in preclinical scientific studies. Thus, studies on the determination and comparison of stimulation parameters are actively carried out [31]. In this respect, the diversification of laser nerve stimulation to various nerve bundles (such as vagus nerve bundle) in the peripheral nervous system is invaluable for leveraging the method.…”

“…Studies on the mechanism underlying the method and optimization of stimulation parameters are still active topics [31]. Furthermore, investigation of stimulation parameters on various nerve types (such as vagus nerve bundle) may contribute to leverage the laser stimulation method.…”

High-precision neural stimulation through optoacoustic emitters

“…We also include typical conditions used by infrared neural stimulation (INS), in which water is the absorbing agent. 24 , 115 The overall laser dosage needed for neuron stimulation was plotted corresponding to different laser pulse widths used. As shown in Fig.…”

“… 107 , 111 – 114 Black circle: water-based photothermal neurostimulation with infrared laser. 24 , 115 Blue circle: PANs-based optoacoustic neurostimulation using nanosecond pulsed laser. 39 Red dash line: suggested 1 μ s as the laser pulse width threshold for efficient optoacoustic generation.…”