Identifying factors associated with depression among men living with HIV/AIDS and undergoing antiretroviral therapy: a cross-sectional study in Heilongjiang, China

Abstract

BackgroundDepression is common among people living with HIV/AIDS; however, studies focusing on the depression of men living with HIV/AIDS are limited. Therefore, we examined the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among men living with HIV/AIDS in China.MethodsA cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in Harbin, China between March and August in 2013. Two-hundred twenty participants completed the Burns Depression Checklist, the Berger HIV Stigma, and the SPIEGEL questionnaire. We also investigated demographics, family support, hostility, and the antiretroviral therapy side effects of men living with HIV/AIDS.ResultsMore than 40% of respondents had depressive symptoms and worry about the health was the major symptom of depression (40.9%). The logistic regression model indicated that bad sleep quality (OR = 3.452), hostility (OR = 1.120), perceived discrimination (OR = 1.110), and antiretroviral therapy side effects (OR = 1.083) were positively associated with depression. Family support (OR = 0.860) was negatively associated with depression for men living with HIV/AIDS. Demographic variables, HIV infection route, disease duration, and CD4+ cell count had no significant associations with depression.ConclusionAlthough China’s work of national HIV prevention and treatment has made much progress during the past several years, the prevalence of depression among men living with patients with HIV/AIDS is still prominent. The strongest factor associated with depression among men living with HIV/AIDS was sleep quality. Future studies should explore the effects of interventions for depression among PLWHA.

Prevalence of Unrecognized Depression and Associated Factors Among Newly Diagnosed People Living with HIV/AIDS in West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia 2019, Cross-Sectional Study

“…In this study, the prevalence of undiagnosed depression among adult newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients on ART was 47.3%, which is in line with a study conducted in Hawassa University Comprehensive specialized hospital Ethiopia (48.6%) [18], 45.8% in Harar [21],in Alert Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 41.2% [20], in Gimbi general hospital 41.7% [22]. But it is relatively low as compared to 63.1% in Khartoum Sudan [17], in Cameroon 63% [16] and Delhi (India) 58.75% [14], on the other hand it is relatively higher than in Cameroon 26.7%, in Nigeria 23.4% [13] in China 40.9% [10], in Brazil 42.3% [9], in gurage zone Ethiopia 37.5% [19]. The difference might be related to study design, data collection tool, sample size and study participant's variation.…”

“…Studies conducted in different countries on prevalence of depression among HIV patients showed 25.6% in united state US [8], 42.3% in Brazil [9], 40.9% in china [10], 12% in Malawi [11], 31% in Nigeria [12], 33% in eastern Nigeria [13], 58.75% Delhi (India) [14], 26.7% in Cameroon [15], 63% in Cameroon [16] 63.1% in Khartoum Sudan [17], 48.6% in Hawassa, Ethiopia [18], 45.8% in Gurage zone, Ethiopia [19],37.5% in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia [20], 45.8% in Harar, Ethiopia [21],41.7% in Gimbi general hospital [22].…”

Analysis on the Trend of AIDS Incidence in Zhejiang, China Based on the Age-Period-Cohort Model from 2004 to 2018

“…Acquired immunode ciency syndrome (AIDS), a global health crisis caused by human immunode ciency virus (HIV) [1], can affect and then destroy T lymphocytes of the human immune system, making the body unable to resist infections and diseases and even leading to opportunistic infections and deaths [2].…”

Antiretroviral Therapy–Related Experiences Predict Mental Health Status Among People Living with HIV in China: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study

“…Mental health problems have been found to be more prevalent among PLWH in low-and middle-income countries [21]. In China, the prevalence of depression was reported as about 40% among PLWH on ART [22,23].…”

“…ART may also indirectly affect mental health status among PLWH by reducing internalized stigma, increasing community support and access to primary care and psychological support services, and enhancing control of other comorbidities (e.g., tuberculosis and diabetes) [26,27]. Previous studies have identi ed a number of factors that are associated with mental health problems among PLWH on ART, including gender [28], age [22], personal income level [29], marital status [22,28], living arrangements [30], insurance [24], comorbidities [28], sleep quality [23], perceived stigma and discrimination [23,28], and family support [23]. However, most of these studies were cross-sectional and could not identify the predictors of mental health problems after PLWH start taking ART.…”