The objective of this study was to determine the magnitude of nonadherence and its contributing factors among diabetic patients attending the diabetic clinic in Adama Hospital. Methods. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among patients with diabetes mellitus attending the diabetes mellitus clinic of Adama Referral Hospital. Every other patient was selected and data regarding their medication adherence was collected using a structured interview. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS-16. Result. The response rate from this study was 98.3%. A total of 270 patients were interviewed; 51.5% were males. A total of 68.1% of the patients included in the study were married. 14% were younger than 40 years, and 50% were between 40 and 60 years. 21.8% of the participants ascribed their nonadherence to forgetting to take their medications. Patients with duration of diabetes ≤5 years (82.07%) were more compliant to their medication than those with >5 years (60.8%), which was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.003). Insulin, 47%, and glibenclamide plus metformin, 43.7%, were the most commonly prescribed mono- and combination therapies, respectively. Common comorbid conditions include hypertension, 148 (54.82%), and visual impairment, 89 (32.96%). The proportion of male patients adherent to their antidiabetic medications was found to be lower than 69.78% compared to the female patients (74.81%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion. Most diabetic patients are currently being managed with the most effective available drugs. However the result from this study indicates that the desired blood sugar level could not be controlled and maintained adequately. This was because of poor adherence to the prescribed drug regimen and poor knowledge and practice of successful self-management.

Background: Tuberculosis remains the major public health problem besides tremendous efforts to combat it. Most tuberculosis patients are treated with a standard dose of first-line anti-TB drugs. The cure rate, however, varies from patient to patient. Various factors have been related to anti-TB treatment failure. In recent years, studies associating lower plasma concentrations of anti-TB drugs with poor treatment outcomes are emerging although the results are inconclusive. Objective: Investigate the impact of first-line anti-tubercular drugs pharmacokinetics on treatment outcome. Methods: A systematic search of Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for articles published in the English language between January 2010 to June 2020 was conducted to identify eligible studies describing associations of first-line anti-tubercular drug pharmacokinetics with treatment outcomes. The primary outcomes considered were pharmacokinetics parameter results and its association with treatment outcome. Results: The search identified 1754 articles of which twelve articles; ten prospective observational studies and two controlled clinical trials fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The majority of the studies showed target concentrations for the first-line anti-tubercular drugs below the current standard range. Among the twelve studies, eleven studies assessed rifampicin pharmacokinetics of which eight reported association of drug concentration and treatment outcomes. Similarly, four out of eight and three out of seven reported drug concentration and treatment outcome association for isoniazid and pyrazinamide, respectively. Despite the low plasma concentration, a favorable treatment outcome was achieved for the bulk of the patients. Irrespective of the inconsistency, an increase in exposure to rifampicin improved the outcome, and lower rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide concentration are associated with poor outcome. No data are available for ethambutol associating its pharmacokinetics with treatment outcomes. Conclusion: The pharmacokinetics of first-line antitubercular drugs can influence treatment outcomes. Further controlled clinical studies are, however, required to establish these relationships.

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Background: The person with diabetes mellitus has a chronic lifelong disease, the person mustbe knowledgeable to coordinate life style modification in to a daily routine of work to achieve andmaintain normal physiological blood glucose level. The objective of this study was to determinethe knowledge, attitude and practices of LSM management of type 2 diabetic patients in AdamaMedical College Hospital. Methodology: Across-sectional study was conducted to assessknowledge, attitude and practice of type 2 diabetic patients towards LSM management of DM inAdama Medical College Hospital. Data was cleaned and analyzed by using SPSS version 16.0and presented descriptively and analytically. Result: Concerning knowledge of the patients towardsLSM management of diabetic; majority of the patients were knowledgeable which accounts 90(77.59%) followed by 13 (11.21%) patients fairly knowledgeable and the other 13 (11.21%) patientswere poorly knowledgeable. Regarding attitude of the patients 95 (81.89%) patients had positiveattitude and the other 21(18.11%) had fair attitude. In another way almost half of the patients 57(49.1%) had good practice. The other 39 (33.62%) and 20 (17.24%) have poor and averagepractice respectively. Conclusion and Recommendation: The result of this study showed, majorityof type 2 DM patients had good knowledge, positive attitude and good practices towards LSM.The researcher recommend all stake holders (Ministry of health, Diabetic associations, Healthinstitution, health professionals, care givers and NGO) found around this area must cooperateto improve KAP of the patients towards LSM. Especial attention should be given to the practicesof the patients and further research should also be done on this topic.