“…Unlike for the foregoing "who possesses ID" question (see Stewart, 2013, p. 25), empirical evidence for the present "turnout" question does not point to a relatively general, consensual conclusion (e.g., Christensen & Schultz, 2014). To the contrary, some studies find that voter ID laws have a depressive, albeit small, effect on political participation (Alvarez et al, 2008(Alvarez et al, , 2011Stewart, 2013); others find that simply lacking requisite ID significantly reduces turnout (Hood & Bullock, 2008); still others find no or statistically insignificant turnout effects from voter ID laws (Erikson & Minnite, 2009;Rocha & Matsubayashi, 2014); at least one finds that voter ID laws have an unexplained positive influence on turnout (Larocca & Klemanski, 2011); and yet another, in line with the pro-voter ID argument from the preceding paragraph, "purports to show that voter ID laws can boost turnout by promoting confidence in the integrity of the electoral system (Lott, 2006)" (quotation from Citrin et al, 2014, p. 229).…”