Identifikasi Anopheles Spp. sebagai Tersangka Vektor Malaria di Kabupaten Purworejo Tahun 2015

Abstract


 Purworejo District is a malaria endemic area in Central Java Province with Annual Parasite Incidence (API) value of 1.96 per 1,000 population. This figure is still above the Ministry of Health's Strategic Plan target for 2015 - 2019. Indigenous cases are still being reported in Purworejo District until 2017. Prevention of malaria transmission is carried out by controlling Anopheles spp. as a malaria vector. This study aims to identify the behavior and habitat where Anopheles spp. as a malaria vector suspect in Purworejo District. The method of catching mosquitoes is in the form of Human landing collection, animal bait, light traps which are carried out starting at 18.00 to 06.00 in the morning, resting in the morning both inside and outside the house. Data variables taken in the form of biting activity, the number of mosquitoes caught, and environmental conditions at the study site. The results of the study were: the species of Anopheles leucosphyrus , Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles indefinitus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles kochi, and Anopheles balabacensis. The peak activity of biting Anopheles spp. occur at 01.00 - 02.00 and 04.00 - 05.00 in the morning. Anopheles spp. most found in lagoon. Efforts to prevent mosquito bites are done using long-sleeved clothing or using repellents or household pesticides, avoiding doing activities outside the home at night and placing larva predators on lagoon.
 Abstrak 
 Kabupaten Purworejo merupakan kabupaten endemis malaria di Provinsi Jawa Tengah dengan nilai Annual Parasite Incidence (API) mencapai 1,96 per 1.000 penduduk. Angka tersebut masih berada di atas target Rencana Strategis Kementerian Kesehatan Tahun 2015–2019. Kasus indigenous juga masih dilaporkan di Kabupaten Purworejo sampai dengan tahun 2017. Pencegahan penularan malaria dilakukan dengan pengendalian nyamuk Anopheles spp. sebagai vektor malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi perilaku dan habitat tempat ditemukannya nyamuk Anopheles spp. sebagai tersangka vektor malaria di Kabupaten Purworejo. Metode penangkapan nyamuk berupa human landing collection, umpan hewan, dan light trap yang dilakukan mulai pukul 18.00 – 06.00 pagi, resting pagi hari baik di dalam maupun di luar rumah. Variabel data yang diambil berupa aktivitas menggigit, jumlah nyamuk yang tertangkap, dan kondisi lingkungan di lokasi penelitian. Hasil penelitian berupa : spesies Anopheles yang tertangkap adalah Anopheles leucosphyrus, Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles indefinitus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles kochi, dan Anopheles balabacensis. Puncak aktivitas menggigit Anopheles spp. terjadi pada pukul 01.00 – 02.00 dan 04.00 – 05.00 dini hari. Nyamuk Anopheles spp. paling banyak ditemukan pada lagun/goba. Upaya pencegahan gigitan nyamuk dilakukan dengan menggunakan pakaian lengan panjang atau menggunakan repellent atau pestisida rumah tangga, menghindari melakukan aktivitas di luar rumah pada malam hari, dan menempatkan predator larva pada lagun/goba. 

The Absence of Sporozoites in Anopheles Mosquitoes in the Malaria Pre-elimination Area

“…Anopheles vagus was the most common species, which is in line with a previous report (18). This report is consistent with the finding of the study conducted in Seram, Maluku (19).…”

“…The proportion of A. vagus caught by human bait and in the resting places around cattle pens is 30:40. These results are in line with reports from the same location where a higher number of A. vagus were caught in resting place than using human bait (18). The highest number of mosquitoes caught does not guarantee that the MHD value is also the highest because the standard measurement only counts the number of mosquitoes caught using human bait (10), while in this survey, mosquitoes were also caught in resting places around cattle pens.…”

“…Anopheles barbirostris does not have the largest population in Ngadirejo village, but this species has the highest MHD. This species has also reportedly been found in forest and residential areas in 2015 (18). In Kupang NTT, this species dominates the Anopheles population and is mostly found outdoors between 9:00 pm and 04:00 am (4).…”

Epidemiology of Malaria Determinants in Children in Purworejo Regency (Case Control Study of Malaria in Children in 2022-2023)

“…maculatus, An.vagus, An.indefinitus, An.barbirostris, An.kochi, and An.balabacensis) tend to be exophagic (prefer suck blood in the outdoor) and zoophilic (prefer animal blood than human blood). (Widjajanti & Kinansi, 2019) Anopheles mosquitoes which are zoophilic allow the existence of cattle pens to act as cattle barrier or bait for mosquitoes, because the exists of cattle can reduce Anopheles mosquitoes bite in human. (Zebua et al, n.d.) Thus, the existence of cattle pens around the respondent's house can decrease the risk of malaria transmission in children aged 0-18 years.…”

Faktor Risiko Perilaku dan Bitting Activity Anopheles Sp. Dengan Kejadian Malaria di Indonesia: Literature Review

“…Puncak menggigit Anopheles bervariasi. Puncak menggigit Anopheles Flavirotrus terjadi pada jam 18.00-19.00 27) , 20.00-21.00 27)23) , 21.0-22.00 22)27) , 22.00-23.00 23)26) , 23.00-24.00 27) , 01.00-02.00 24) , 03.00-04.00 26) dan 04.00-05.00 23)24)27). Artikel 21 menyatakan puncak menggigit Anopheles dimulai pukul 20.00-03.00 WIB 26) .…”