Identification of Volatile and Extractable Chloroorganics in Rain and Snow

Abstract

Organics enriched from samples of rain, snow, and glacier ice were analyzed to determine the chemical structure of the chloroorganic compounds that were most abundant in such media. Gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) was used to provide an overview of the presence of volatile and extractable chloroorganics at four sites in Europe and one site in Antarctica. Real samples and isomer-specific standards were then analyzed by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection (GC-MS) to identify and confirm the structure of the chloroorganics that had been detected in the GC-AED analysis. The results revealed that of the volatile chloroorganics found in the samples, dichloronitromethane, a compound not previously reported to occur in the ambient environment, was often present in the highest concentration (up to 130 ng L-1). Chlorobenzenes were detected mainly as 1,4-dichlorobenzene and minor amounts of 1,3- and 1,2-dichlorobenzene and one isomer of tetrachlorobenzene (1,2,4,5- or 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene). Chlorinated alkyl phosphates, which were normally responsible for the largest peaks in the chlorine-specific chromatograms of hexane- or ether-extractable compounds, were present as tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate, and one of the isomers bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)(3-chloro-1-propyl)phosphate or bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)(2-chloro-1-propyl)phosphate. All of the chloroorganic compounds mentioned, i.e., dichloronitromethane, chlorobenzenes, and chlorinated alkyl phosphates, were detected at relatively remote sites in the northern hemisphere, whereas only chlorobenzenes were found in a reference sample of snow from Antarctica.

Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Rain and Snow from Middle Germany

“…Several OPs have been detected following spot sampling of rain [22 -24], snow [21,23], aerosols [25], and pine needles [26] in remote areas. However, no long-term systematic study of the occurrence of OPs in rainwater and freshly fallen snow at a variety of sampling sites has been conducted.…”

Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and alkylphenol ethoxylate metabolites in an effluent‐dominated river and wetland

“…1). The latter are used as flame retardants and have been detected in wastewater and streams [8] as well as in rainwater [34]. Other compounds studied included N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS), a plasticizer for polyamides, that was detected previously [33] and chlorinated tris-propylphosphates.…”

Snow Samples as Markers of Air Pollution in Mass Spectrometry Analysis

“…Earlier, this compound was identified only once in precipitations in Sweden and Poland (Laniewski et al 1998a). The most probable source of this compound in the atmosphere involves waste incinerators (Laniewski et al 1998b).…”