Identification of Triple-negative and Basal-like Canine Mammary Carcinomas using Four Basal Markers

CD44+/CD24– Cancer Stem Cells Are Associated With Higher Grade of Canine Mammary Carcinomas

“…The TN subtype has been studied in canine MCs that present a correlation with unfavorable prognostic features. 7 Here, we show that the TN subtype of canine MC was negatively correlated with individual expression of CD44 and CD24, suggesting that the 2 CD markers may be better prognostic indicators.…”

“…It is suggested that hormone receptor (HR) status (specifically, the estrogen receptor [ER] and/or progesterone receptor [PR]) and the triple-negative (TN) subtype (ER, PR, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2] negative) are associated with aggressive tumor types in canine MCs. 6,7 We hypothesized that immunohistochemical analysis of the 2 markers, CD44 and CD24, would be a useful tool for predicting tumor behavior. The aims of this study were to examine CD44 and CD24 expression, either alone or in combination, with regard to canine MCs.…”

Analysis of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Expression Relative to Other Key Factors in Malignant Canine Mammary Tumours

“…Molecular subtypes of CMTs have been defined in recent years, but the prognostic value of the various subtypes is still controversial (Gama et al, 2008;Sassi et al, 2010;Kim et al, 2013). Some authors have reported that triple-negative breast cancers, which are known to exhibit aggressive behaviour and for which the choice of therapeutics is limited, show high levels of HIF-1a (Chen et al, 2014).…”

EGFR and microvessel density in canine malignant mammary tumours

“…In CMT, MVD accessed by CD31 immunoexpression was studied by some authors (Graham and Myers, 1999;Restucci et al, 2000;Lavalle et al, 2009;Queiroga et al, 2011), and EGFR immunoexpression was also described (Gama et al, 2009;Guimarães et al, 2013;Kim et al, 2013). However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there are no studies that investigated the relationship between EGFR and MVD in these tumours.…”

“…In canine mammary tumours (CMT), studies regarding EGFR immunoexpression and/or content are scarce. There is a limited number of old reports based on different methodologies, demonstrating the presence of EGFR in mammary gland tissues and neoplasias (Nerurkar et al, 1987;Donnay et al, 1993Donnay et al, , 1996Rutteman et al, 1994) and more recent works that indicate the link between EGFR immunoexpression and high tumoural aggressiveness (Gama et al, 2009;Kim et al, 2013). A study, which was recently carried out by our team, in a small series of cases (n = 43), showed a link between EGFR immunoexpression and more aggressive tumour phenotypes (Guimarães et al, 2013).…”