Identification of Toxigenic<i>Aspergillus</i>and<i>Fusarium</i>Species in the Maize Grain Chain

Bhatnagar, Deepak; Payne, Gary A.; Klich, M. A.; Leslie, John F.

doi:10.1002/9781118832790.ch2

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…In crops, they can be formed before harvesting, during harvest, drying, and storage in non-appropriate conditions [ 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. They are mainly produced by the species Aspergillus , Penicillium , Alternaria , Claviceps , and Fusarium [ 3 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Fusarium species are probably the most dominant toxin-producing fungi in the temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere, responsible for Fusarium head blight disease in small grain cereals and ear rot disease in maize that may cause severe reductions in crop yield [ 4 , 14 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Wheat and Maize from Albania

et al. 2020

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In this study, ten Fusarium toxins were analysed in wheat and maize commodities from Albania. In total, 71 samples of wheat and 45 samples of maize were collected from different producing regions. The analytical procedure consisted of a simple one-step sample extraction followed by the determination of toxins using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Fusarium toxins were found in 23% of the analysed wheat samples and in 78% of maize samples. In maize samples, most often fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) were found. They were present in 76% of samples. They were detected in all positive samples except in one with concentrations ranging from 59.9 to 16,970 μg/kg. The sum of FB1 and FB2 exceeded the EU maximum permitted level (4000 μg/kg) in 31% of maize samples. In wheat samples, the only detected Fusarium mycotoxin was deoxynivalenol (DON), present in 23% of samples. In one sample with the concentration of 1916 μg/kg, the EU maximum permitted level (1250 μg/kg) was exceeded. This is the first report on the presence of Fusarium toxins in wheat and maize grains cultivated in Albania.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Wheat and Maize from Albania

et al. 2020

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“…Mycotoxins are low molecular weight secondary metabolites derived mainly from amino acids, shikimic acid, or malonyl coenzyme A that elicit toxic responses in higher vertebrates and/or humans when ingested at low concentrations. They are produced by certain molds and can accumulate on a variety of different crops and foodstuffs such as cereals, nuts, spices, raisins, dried fruits, apples, and coffee beans [ 2 ]. Over 300 mycotoxins have been identified, mainly produced by fungus species of the genera Aspergillus , Fusarium , and Penicillium , in which each particular mycotoxin is produced by several fungal species or being specific to a single species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomics of Maize Resistance to Fusarium Ear Rot and Fumonisin Contamination

Santiago

Cao

Malvar

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Food contamination with mycotoxins is a worldwide concern, because these toxins produced by several fungal species have detrimental effects on animal and/or human health. In maize, fumonisins are among the toxins with the highest threatening potential because they are mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides, which is distributed worldwide. Plant breeding has emerged as an effective and environmentally safe method to reduce fumonisin levels in maize kernels, but although phenotypic selection has proved effective for improving resistance to fumonisin contamination, further resources should be mobilized to meet farmers’ needs. Selection based on molecular markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to fumonisin contamination or/and genotype values obtained using prediction models with markers distributed across the whole genome could speed up breeding progress. Therefore, in the current paper, previously identified genomic regions, genes, and/or pathways implicated in resistance to fumonisin accumulation will be reviewed. Studies done until now have provide many markers to be used by breeders, but to get further insight on plant mechanisms to defend against fungal infection and to limit fumonisin contamination, the genes behind those QTLs should be identified.

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“…In contrast, the optimum conditions for the development of F. verticillioides include warm temperature (T) and moderate rainfall. Mild T and high rainfall during maize grain maturation are best for infections by F. graminearum (Bhatnagar et al, 2014). T, relative humid- ity (RH), and, above all, grain water activity (a w ) are the most important ecological factors influencing fungal colonization of maize grain substrates (Giorni et al, 2011;Lazzaro et al, 2012;Battilani et al, 2016).…”

Section: Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins in maize: mitigation actions, with a chain management approach

Palumbo

Gonçalves

Gkrillas

et al. 2020

Phytopathol. Mediterr.

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Maize is the principal staple food/feed crop exposed to mycotoxins, and the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and their metabolites has been well documented. This review presents the infection cycle, ecology, and plant-pathogen interactions of Aspergillus and Fusarium species in maize, and current knowledge on maize chain management to mitigate the occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisins. Preventive actions include at pre-harvest, as part of cropping systems, at harvest, and at post-harvest, through storage, processing, and detoxification to minimize consumer exposure. Preventive actions in the field have been recognized as efficient for reducing the entrance of mycotoxins into production chains. Biological control of Aspergillus flavus has been recognized to minimize contamination with aflatoxins. Post-harvest maize grain management is also crucial to complete preventive actions, and has been made mandatory in government food and feed legislation.

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Identification of ToxigenicAspergillusandFusariumSpecies in the Maize Grain Chain

Cited by 3 publications

References 85 publications

Incidence of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Wheat and Maize from Albania

Incidence of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Wheat and Maize from Albania

Genomics of Maize Resistance to Fusarium Ear Rot and Fumonisin Contamination

Mycotoxins in maize: mitigation actions, with a chain management approach

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