Identification of the Primary Lesion of Toxic Aluminum in Plant Roots

Kopittke, Peter M.; Moore, Katie L.; Lombi, Enzo; Gianoncelli, Alessandra; Ferguson, Brett J.; Blamey, F. P. C.; Menzies, Neal W.; Nicholson, Timothy M.; McKenna, Brigid A.; Wang, Peng; Gresshoff, Peter M.; Kourousias, George; Webb, Richard I.; Green, Kathryn; Tollenaere, Alina

doi:10.1104/pp.114.253229

Cited by 225 publications

(185 citation statements)

References 35 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

155

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The initial effect of toxic Al is a deleterious effect on cell expansion resulting in a decrease in the elemental elongation rate, one possibility is through affecting the loosening of the cell walls (Kopittke et al, 2015). Here we observed that the Al-induced JA signaling increase in root tips occurred after 2-h Al exposure (Supplemental Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…However, cell division is a slow process, while the inhibition of root elongation of Al-sensitive maize can occur within 30 min of Al treatment (Llugany et al, 1995). Recently, Kopittke et al (2015) reported that 75 mM Al reduced root growth of soybean after only 5 min, with Al being toxic by binding to the walls of outer cells, which directly inhibited their loosening in the elongation zone, and concluded that the primary lesion of Al is apoplastic. Therefore, the rapid dynamics of root growth to Al stress indicates that Al first inhibits root cell expansion and elongation and later on also cell division (Horst et al, 2010;Kochian et al, 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Jasmonic Acid Enhances Al-Induced Root Growth Inhibition

Yang

et al. 2016

Plant Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Phytohormones such as ethylene and auxin are involved in the regulation of the aluminum (Al)-induced root growth inhibition. Although jasmonate (JA) has been reported to play a crucial role in the regulation of root growth and development in response to environmental stresses through interplay with ethylene and auxin, its role in the regulation of root growth response to Al stress is not yet known. In an attempt to elucidate the role of JA, we found that exogenous application of JA enhanced the Al-induced root growth inhibition. Furthermore, phenotype analysis with mutants defective in either JA biosynthesis or signaling suggests that JA is involved in the regulation of Al-induced root growth inhibition. The expression of the JA receptor CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1) and the key JA signaling regulator MYC2 was up-regulated in response to Al stress in the root tips. This process together with COI1-mediated Al-induced root growth inhibition under Al stress was controlled by ethylene but not auxin. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that many responsive genes under Al stress were regulated by JA signaling. The differential responsive of microtubule organization-related genes between the wild-type and coi1-2 mutant is consistent with the changed depolymerization of cortical microtubules in coi1 under Al stress. In addition, ALMT-mediated malate exudation and thus Al exclusion from roots in response to Al stress was also regulated by COI1-mediated JA signaling. Together, this study suggests that root growth inhibition is regulated by COI1-mediated JA signaling independent from auxin signaling and provides novel insights into the phytohormone-mediated root growth inhibition in response to Al stress.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Jasmonic Acid Enhances Al-Induced Root Growth Inhibition

Yang

et al. 2016

Plant Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Aluminum is thought to bind to the cell wall preventing loosening as required for root elongation (Kopittke et al, 2015). Plant debilitation may also be affected by changes in pH due to the coal fly ash.…”

Section: Adverse Consequences Of Aerosolized Coal Fly Ashmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Agricultural Consequences of Weather Modification

Herndon¹

2016

Agrivita.J.Agr.Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

For at least fifteen years, with ever increasing frequency and extent, weather modification and/or climate alteration investigations have been conducted without public disclosure to perfect a covert methodology for inhibiting rainfall to deliberately damage a sovereign nation's agricultural economy. This research discloses the methodology for inhibiting rainfall, the evidence of coal combustion fly ash utilization, the adverse consequences on agriculture, and the adverse health implications on biota, including humans. The harm to agriculture comes primarily from aluminum addition to soil, changing soil pH and changing historic weather patterns. Aluminum in a chemically mobile form, not only harms plants, but is toxic to most biota, including humans. The micron and submicron particulates are used for weather modification contain heavy metals and radioactive elements which pose potentially grave human health threats including, but not limited to, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases and reduced male fertility. Understanding that methodology and its adverse consequences by the agricultural community is crucial to identify and stop covert operations aimed at damaging the agricultural economy of a sovereign nation.

show abstract

“…For metals such as Na, it is known that plant growth is reduced due to osmotic effects, direct toxicity, and indirect nutritional effects (Munns and Termaat 1986;Parida and Das 2005). In contrast, for Al, root elongation is reduced rapidly due to the binding of Al to the cell wall which inhibits its loosening within the elongation zone as required for growth (Jones et al 2006;Kopittke et al 2015). Yet, despite these marked differences between Na and Al toxicity (for example), it is also known that there are also some commonalities in the toxic effects of various metals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of metal toxicity in plant roots and its effects on root morphology

Kopittke

Wang

2017

Plant Soil

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aims Elevated levels of metals reduce plant growth, including contaminated, acid, and saline soils, but much remains unknown regarding their mechanisms of toxicity. In this regard, it is important to understand the kinetics of changes in root elongation rate (RER) and root morphology. Methods Seedlings of soybean (Glycine max) were grown in solutions containing toxic levels of one of seven metals that differed markedly in their properties (Ag, Al, Ca, Cu, Hg, Na, and Sr), with mannitol and 'mixed salts' treatments also included. Results Despite their widely differing properties, all treatments caused similar symptoms, with roots swelling radially within the elongation zone, possibly associated with ethylene or auxin. In addition, Ag, Al, Cu, and Hg caused a rupturing of the outer root tissues likely associated with inhibition of wall loosening. Finally, using kinematic analyses to examine the effects of Hg in 5 min intervals, it was found that RER decreased by 50% after only 40 min, primarily associated with a decrease in the rate at which individual cells were elongating. Conclusions The information provided here will assist in understanding the mechanisms by which toxic levels of metals reduce root elongation.

show abstract

Identification of the Primary Lesion of Toxic Aluminum in Plant Roots

Cited by 225 publications

References 35 publications

Jasmonic Acid Enhances Al-Induced Root Growth Inhibition

Jasmonic Acid Enhances Al-Induced Root Growth Inhibition

Adverse Agricultural Consequences of Weather Modification

Kinetics of metal toxicity in plant roots and its effects on root morphology

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About