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Background. Monogenic scab resistance is an important trait of apple, useful to plant breeders. DNA markers provide a possibility to differentiate apple cultivars according to individual resistance determinants with high reliability and identify promising genotypes. The present study shows the results of the molecular genetic analysis of apple varieties, targeted at the Rvi2, Rvi4, Rvi6 and Rvi8 monogenic scab resistance loci.Materials and methods. Biological material was represented by apple cultivars of different environmental and geographical origin. Total genomic DNA was extracted from fresh leaves using CTAB methods according to the DArT protocols. The Rvi6 gene was identified with two markers, VfC (STS) and AL07 (SCAR). The presence of the Rvi4 gene was detected with the multiallelic SCAR marker AD13. The Rvi2 and Rvi8 genes were diagnosed with the SCAR marker OPL19.Results and conclusion. The Rvi6 gene was identified in 54.4% of genotypes, of which 91.9% were heterozygous, and 8.1% (cvs. ‘Svezhest’, ‘Freedom’ and ‘GoldRush’) homozygous dominant for this locus. The marker AD13-SCAR was detected in 25.0% of the studied forms (the putative genotype for the resistance gene is Rvi4Rvi4 or Rvi4rvi4). The marker OPL19-SCAR (Rvi2 and Rvi8 genes) was present in 73.5% of the analyzed forms. At least one of the studied molecular markers was present in the genome of 86.8% of genotypes. The appletree cultivars ‘Kandil Orlovsky’, ‘Krasulya’, ‘Sozvezdiye’, ‘Galarina’, ‘Priam’, ‘Redfree’ and ‘Witos’ are characterized by the combination of markers VfC, AL07-SCAR, AD13-SCAR and OPL19-SCAR in one genotype (the putative genotype for the resistance genes is Rvi2(Rvi8)Rvi4Rvi6rvi6). Cvs. ‘Antonovka zimnyaya’, ‘Antonovka krasnaya’, ‘Berkutovskoye’, ‘Geyzer’, ‘Pamyati Nesterova’, ‘Renet Simirenko’, ‘Terentyevka’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘Telemon’ presumably have a homozygous recessive genotype for the studied resistance loci.
Background. Monogenic scab resistance is an important trait of apple, useful to plant breeders. DNA markers provide a possibility to differentiate apple cultivars according to individual resistance determinants with high reliability and identify promising genotypes. The present study shows the results of the molecular genetic analysis of apple varieties, targeted at the Rvi2, Rvi4, Rvi6 and Rvi8 monogenic scab resistance loci.Materials and methods. Biological material was represented by apple cultivars of different environmental and geographical origin. Total genomic DNA was extracted from fresh leaves using CTAB methods according to the DArT protocols. The Rvi6 gene was identified with two markers, VfC (STS) and AL07 (SCAR). The presence of the Rvi4 gene was detected with the multiallelic SCAR marker AD13. The Rvi2 and Rvi8 genes were diagnosed with the SCAR marker OPL19.Results and conclusion. The Rvi6 gene was identified in 54.4% of genotypes, of which 91.9% were heterozygous, and 8.1% (cvs. ‘Svezhest’, ‘Freedom’ and ‘GoldRush’) homozygous dominant for this locus. The marker AD13-SCAR was detected in 25.0% of the studied forms (the putative genotype for the resistance gene is Rvi4Rvi4 or Rvi4rvi4). The marker OPL19-SCAR (Rvi2 and Rvi8 genes) was present in 73.5% of the analyzed forms. At least one of the studied molecular markers was present in the genome of 86.8% of genotypes. The appletree cultivars ‘Kandil Orlovsky’, ‘Krasulya’, ‘Sozvezdiye’, ‘Galarina’, ‘Priam’, ‘Redfree’ and ‘Witos’ are characterized by the combination of markers VfC, AL07-SCAR, AD13-SCAR and OPL19-SCAR in one genotype (the putative genotype for the resistance genes is Rvi2(Rvi8)Rvi4Rvi6rvi6). Cvs. ‘Antonovka zimnyaya’, ‘Antonovka krasnaya’, ‘Berkutovskoye’, ‘Geyzer’, ‘Pamyati Nesterova’, ‘Renet Simirenko’, ‘Terentyevka’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘Telemon’ presumably have a homozygous recessive genotype for the studied resistance loci.
The paper presents the results of a long-term test of eight scab-immune apple varieties of domestic and foreign breeding under the conditions of North Caucasus region of Russia. The study was aimed at improving the assortment of apple trees in the Southern region of Russia on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of promising varieties of domestic and foreign breeding. The study objects included scab-immune apple varieties (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of various ecological and genetic origin: Carmen, Nika, Orphey and Margo (North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making together with Nationwide Research Institute for Horticultural Breeding, Russia), Mikhsan and Zarya Stavropoliya (Stavropol Experimental Horticulture Station together with Nationwide Research Institute for Horticultural Breeding, Russia), Modi (Italy), Florina (France). The common and up-to-date breeding programs and techniques developed with the assistance of Nationwide Research Institute for Horticultural Breeding were applied. Based on the long-term results of ecological testing of new scab-immune apple varieties of different origins under the conditions of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and Krasnodar Krai, the most valuable varieties for industrial use and for breeding process were identified. The following varieties were identified as promising for industrial use and breeding: varieties with a late flowering time – Margo and Orphey; varieties with a high average flowering score (4.5–5.0 points): Carmen, Modi, Orphey, Nika, Florina, Margo. It was found that all investigated varieties of apple trees can be attributed to the annual fruit-bearing; the periodicity of fruiting varied within 22.6–28.8 %. In 2020, in the conditions of North Ossetia-Alania the maximum yield was observed for the following scab-immune varieties: Margo (24.1 t/ha) and Modi (25.2 t/ha) on rootstock СK2; Mikhsan (19.2 t/ha) and Nika (20.6 t/ha) on rootstock MM106. In order to improve the assortment of the Southern region of Russia and to create modern intensive orchards, new varieties of apple of domestic breeding were recommended: Margo, Nika, Orphey and Modi (foreign breeding), which have high productivity, immunity to scab (based on Rvi-6 gene), better commerciality and a long period of fruit storage.
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