Identification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin isomers found in fly ash

Buser, Hans-Rudolf; Bosshardt, Hans‐Paul; Rappe, Christoffer

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(78)90043-7

Cited by 210 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The probability of formation at elevated temperatures in an oxidizing environment with greater than stoichiometic amounts of air present, however, is extremely low. Even so, there are data that refute this position and which raise several important issues that must be carefully considered in the design of incinerators or other thermal devices used to decompose PCB wastes (5)(6)(7)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55). On the other hand thermochemical calculations confirm that forma- zones, a volatilization zone and a reactor zone.…”

Section: Formation Of Pcdds and Pcdfs During Combustion Of Pcbsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Waste Disposal Technologies for Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Piver¹,

Lindstrom²

1985

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Improper practices in the disposal of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) wastes by land burial, chemical means and incineration distribute these chemicals and related compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) throughout the environment. The complete range of methods for disposal that have been proposed and are in use are examined and analyzed, with emphasis given to the two most commonly used methods: land burial and incineration.The understanding of aquifer contamination caused by migration of PCBs from subsurface burial sites requires a description of the physical, chemical and biological processes governing transport in unsaturated and saturated soils. For this purpose, a model is developed and solved for different soil conditions and external driving functions. The model couples together the fundamental transport phenomena for heat, mass, and moisture flow within the soil.To rehabilitate a contaminated aquifer, contaminated groundwaters are withdrawn through drainage wells, PCBs are extracted with solvents or activated carbon and treated by chemical, photochemical or thermal methods. The chemical and photochemical methods are reviewed, but primary emphasis is devoted to the use of incineration as the preferred method of disposal. After discussing the formation of PCDFs and PCDDs during combustion from chloroaromatic, chloroaliphatic, as well as organic and inorganic chloride precursors, performance characteristics of different thermal destructors are presented and analyzed. To understand how this information can be used, basic design equations are developed from governing heat and mass balances that can be applied to the construction of incinerators capable of more than 99.99% destruction with minimal to nondetectable levels of PCDFs and PCDDs.

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Section: Formation Of Pcdds and Pcdfs During Combustion Of Pcbsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Waste Disposal Technologies for Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Piver¹,

Lindstrom²

1985

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…The contents of cast iron and scraps are diverse and very variable which may contain precursors for specific PCDD/F congeners. It might be explained that presence of low chlorinated aromatic compounds in feedstock may lead to formation of low chlorinated PCDD/F through precursors, which is considered to be characteristic of precursors formation (Buser et al, 1978;Gullett et al, 1992). Besides, it was recognized that BOF1 plant underwent some maintenance activities before the sampling survey and it is unclear if it reached a stable manufacturing conditions.…”

Section: Compound Namementioning

confidence: 99%

The Emission of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans from Steel and Cement-Kiln Plants in Vietnam

Thường

Nam

Huệ

et al. 2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Stack gas and fly ash samples were collected in two steel plants and three cement kiln plants for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). A standard sampling method (U.S EPA method 23) was used following the requirements for isokinetic sampling of stack gas emission. The quantification of PCDD/Fs was done by high resolution gas chromatography, coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/ HRMS). The results demonstrated that PCDD/F concentrations in steel plants varied from 0.234 to 0.577 ng/Nm 3 on a mass basis, and 0.048 to 0.166 ng/Nm 3 on a TEQ basis. In cement kiln plants, the mass concentration varied from 0.280 to 5.32 ng/Nm 3 , while TEQ concentration varied from 0.033 to 0.837 ng TEQ/Nm 3 . In general, PCDD/F emissions from steel industry in Vietnam were slightly lower than those reported for European Union, and were comparable to those reported for Taiwan and Korea. A similar trend was observed for the emissions of PCDD/Fs from cement kiln industry in Vietnam. PCDD/F emission factors for steel and cement kiln industries were also estimated to compare with the guidelines of the UNEP for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) inventory.

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“…Public discussion has suggested that the polychlorodibenzodioxins that appear in the environment may have their origins in the combustion of organochlorine compounds (18). While the environmental hazard associated with combustion of organochlorine compounds is clearly real (14)(15)(16)(17), it seems unlikely that simple combustion was responsible for the unique occurrence of polychlorodibenzodioxins in fish from the Tittabawassee River. The very general occurrence of polyhalonaphthalenes in the fish samples indicates a more wide-spread contamination of the biosphere with these compounds than we had previously suspected.…”

Section: Negative Chemical Ionization Screening Fish Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…' Wives pregnant at the time chlorophenols (14)(15)(16)(17). Public discussion has suggested that the polychlorodibenzodioxins that appear in the environment may have their origins in the combustion of organochlorine compounds (18).…”

Section: Negative Chemical Ionization Screening Fish Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negative chemical ionization studied of human and food chain contamination with xenobiotic chemicals.

Dougherty¹,

Whitaker²,

Smith³

et al. 1980

Environ Health Perspect

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Negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry with a mixture of isobutane, methylene chloride, and oxygen as the reagent gas has been used to explore contamination of environmental substrates with xenobiotic chemicals. The substrates in question, fish tissue, human seminal plasma, and human adipose tissue, were cleaned up by one of the following three cleanup procedures: (1) continuous liquid-liquid extraction steam distillation; (2) gel-permeation chromatography; and (3) adsorption on activated carbon followed by elution with toluene. The third procedure was used only for the examination of planar polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples. Using these techniques, we have found evidence for contamination of fish samples with polychloronaphthalenes, polychlorostyrenes, polychlorobiphenyls, polychlorodibenzofurans, and polychlorodibenzodioxins among other chemicals. The polychlorodibenzodioxins appeared only in the spectra of extracts of fish obtained from the Tittabawassee River at Midland Michigan. The polychlorodibenzofuran ions appeared in NCI mass spectra of fish that were significantly contaminated (above 2 ppm) with polychlorobiphenyls. Toxic substances occurring in human seminal plasma included pentachlorophenol, hexachlorobenzene, DDT metabolites, and polychlorobiphenyls. We have investigated toxic substances in human seminal plasma because of the apparent decrease in sperm density in U.S. males over the last 30 years.Results of screening human adipose tissue for contamination with xenobiotic chemicals have been largely coincident with results of the EPA human monitoring program. Polychlorobiphenyls, DDT metabolites, nonachlor, and chlordane have appeared in most samples examined. Detection limits for all of these chemicals were of the order of 1 ppb.

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Identification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin isomers found in fly ash

Cited by 210 publications

References 10 publications

Waste Disposal Technologies for Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Waste Disposal Technologies for Polychlorinated Biphenyls

The Emission of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans from Steel and Cement-Kiln Plants in Vietnam

Negative chemical ionization studied of human and food chain contamination with xenobiotic chemicals.

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