Identification of<i>Giardia lamblia</i>Assemblage E in Humans Points to a New Anthropozoonotic Cycle

Fantinatti, Maria; Bello, Alexandre Ribeiro; Fernandes, Octávio; Da‐Cruz, Alda Maria

doi:10.1093/infdis/jiw361

Cited by 126 publications

(87 citation statements)

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“…Among them, assemblages A and E were both found in domestic pigs and wild boars, and the latter was the most prevalent genotype, suggesting the possibility of inter-species transmission; however, the species of origin is not clear at present. A recent study conducted in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil detected that 15 people were infected with assemblage E, which further demonstrated that humans can be infected with assemblage E through an anthropozoonotic cycle [43]. Thus, the dominant assemblage E, and assemblage A detected in our study could be transmitted to humans through an anthropozoonotic transmission cycle.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Presence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium scrofarum, Giardia duodenalis assemblage A and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in captive Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa) in China: potential for zoonotic transmission

Deng

et al. 2017

Parasites Vectors

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Background Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are the main causal pathogens of gastrointestinal disease. However, there are limited reports about the prevalence of these organisms in captive Eurasian wild boars worldwide. Therefore, we examined the occurrence and identified the species/assemblages/genotypes of these pathogens in captive Eurasian wild boars, and estimated the zoonotic potential.FindingsOf 357 fecal samples collected from captive Eurasian wild boars in China, 155 (43.4%) were infected with Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis and/or E. bieneusi. The infection rates significantly differed in different areas, but did not differ between wild boars kept indoors and outdoors. Three (0.8%), 11 (3.1%) and 147 (41.2%) fecal samples were positive for Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi, respectively. Sequence analysis of SSU rRNA gene revealed that all of the Cryptosporidium strains belonged to C. scrofarum. Based on the sequence analysis of the β-giardia gene of G. duodenalis, assemblages E and A were characterized. Fourteen E. bieneusi genotypes comprising five novel (WildBoar 7–11) and eight known (EbpC, F, CHG19, CHC5, PigEBITS5, D, RWSH4, SC02) genotypes were identified by ITS sequencing. EbpC was the most frequent genotype, detected in 85 specimens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all 14 genotypes belonged to Group 1.ConclusionsThis first report on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in captive wild boars in China indicates that the presence of zoonotic species/assemblages/genotypes poses a threat to public health. The findings suggest that wild boars could be a significant source of human infection and water pollution.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Presence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium scrofarum, Giardia duodenalis assemblage A and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in captive Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa) in China: potential for zoonotic transmission

Deng

et al. 2017

Parasites Vectors

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“…Similar A/B proportions have been previously reported in individuals of paediatric age in the State of Santa Catarina [69], in Amerindian children in the State of Amazonas [70], in deprived communities in the State of São Paulo [57], and in patients attending a hospital setting in Rio de Janeiro [71]. Interestingly, the presence of assemblage A, but not assemblage B, has been described in a few epidemiological surveys targeting clinical patients in the State of São Paulo [72], and paediatric populations [73] and people from disadvantaged communities seeking medical care [74] in Rio de Janeiro. In contrast, assemblage B was more prevalently found in asymptomatic children attending a day-care centre in the State of São Paulo [75].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of intestinal parasites, with emphasis on the molecular epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis sp., in the Paranaguá Bay, Brazil: a community survey

et al. 2018

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BackgroundIntestinal protozoan parasites are major contributors to the global burden of gastrointestinal disease causing significant socioeconomic consequences. Children living in resource-poor settings with restricted access to water and sanitary services are particularly at risk of these infections.MethodsA prospective, community-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted in Paraná (southern Brazil) between May 2015 and May 2016. A total of 766 stool samples were individually collected from volunteers (male/female ratio: 0.99; age range: 0–76 years) and used for investigating the presence of intestinal helminth and protozoan species by routine microscopic procedures including the Kato-Katz and modified Ritchie concentration methods and the Ziehl-Neelsen stain technique. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed microscopy-positive samples for Giardia duodenalis and the assemblages and sub-assemblages determined by multilocus sequence-based genotyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and β-giardin (bg) genes of the parasite. Identification of Blastocystis subtypes was carried out by amplification and sequencing of a partial fragment of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) of this heterokont microorganism.ResultsOverall, 46.1% (353/766) of the participants were infected/colonised by at least one intestinal parasite/commensal species. Protozoan and helminth species were detected in 42.7% and 10.1% of the surveyed population, respectively. Blastocystis sp. (28.2%), Endolimax nana (14.9%), and Giardia duodenalis (11.0%) were the most prevalent species found among protozoans and Ascaris lumbricoides (5.0%), Trichuris trichiura (4.6%) and hookworms (1.0%) among helminths. A total of 38 G. duodenalis-positive samples were genotyped at gdh and bg markers, revealing the presence of the sub-assemblages AII (47.4%), AII/AIII (2.6%), BIII (5.3%), BIV (26.3%) and BIII/BIV (13.1%). Two samples (5.3%) were only identified as assemblage B. AII was predominantly found in females aged 5–9 years and was associated with a higher likelihood of reporting gastrointestinal symptoms. A total of 102 Blastocystis-positive samples were successfully subtyped at the SSU rRNA gene revealing the presence of ST1 (36.3%), ST2 (15.7%), ST3 (41.2%), ST4 (2.9%), ST6 (1.0%) and ST8 (2.9%).ConclusionsData presented here indicate that enteric parasites still represent a pressing health concern in Paraná, Brazil, probably due to sub-optimal water, sanitation and hygiene conditions. A mostly anthroponotic origin is suspected for G. duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. infections.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3054-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The remaining assemblages are considered to be largely host-specific. However recent studies have reported the occurrence of animal assemblages in humans including assemblage F in Ethiopia (Gelanew et al 2007), assemblage E in Egypt and Brazil (Foronda et al 2008;Helmy et al 2014;Abdel-Moein and Saeed, 2016;Fantinatti et al 2016;Scalia et al 2016), assemblage C in China and Slovakia (Liu et al 2014;Štrkolcová et al 2015) and assemblage D in German travellers (Broglia et al 2013). Very little is known about the prevalence and genetic diversity of Giardia assemblages infecting humans in Queensland, Australia.…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular typing ofGiardia duodenalisin humans in Queensland – first report of Assemblage E

2017

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SUMMARYLittle is known about the genetic diversity of the protozoan parasite, Giardia duodenalis, infecting humans in Queensland, Australia. The present study typed 88 microscopically Giardia-positive isolates using assemblage-specific primers at the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) gene and sequenced a subset of isolates at the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene (n = 30) and tpi locus (n = 27). Using the tpi-assemblage specific primers, G. duodenalis assemblage A and assemblage B were detected in 50% (44/88) and 38·6% (34/88) of samples, respectively. Mixed infections with assemblages A and B were identified in 4·5% (4/88) and assemblage E was identified in 6·8% (6/88) of samples. Sequence analysis at the gdh and tpi loci also confirmed the presence of assemblage E in these isolates. Cyst numbers per gram of feces (g−1) were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and of the isolates that were typed as assemblage E, cyst numbers ranged 13·8–68·3 × 106 cysts g−1. This is the first report of assemblage E in humans in Australia, indicating that in certain settings, this assemblage may be zoonotic.

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Identification ofGiardia lambliaAssemblage E in Humans Points to a New Anthropozoonotic Cycle

Cited by 126 publications

References 15 publications

Presence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium scrofarum, Giardia duodenalis assemblage A and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in captive Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa) in China: potential for zoonotic transmission

Presence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium scrofarum, Giardia duodenalis assemblage A and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in captive Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa) in China: potential for zoonotic transmission

Prevalence of intestinal parasites, with emphasis on the molecular epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis sp., in the Paranaguá Bay, Brazil: a community survey

Molecular typing ofGiardia duodenalisin humans in Queensland – first report of Assemblage E

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