Presence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium scrofarum, Giardia duodenalis assemblage A and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in captive Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa) in China: potential for zoonotic transmission

Abstract

Background Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are the main causal pathogens of gastrointestinal disease. However, there are limited reports about the prevalence of these organisms in captive Eurasian wild boars worldwide. Therefore, we examined the occurrence and identified the species/assemblages/genotypes of these pathogens in captive Eurasian wild boars, and estimated the zoonotic potential.FindingsOf 357 fecal samples collected from captive Eurasian wild boars in China, 155 (43.4%) were infected with Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis and/or E. bieneusi. The infection rates significantly differed in different areas, but did not differ between wild boars kept indoors and outdoors. Three (0.8%), 11 (3.1%) and 147 (41.2%) fecal samples were positive for Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi, respectively. Sequence analysis of SSU rRNA gene revealed that all of the Cryptosporidium strains belonged to C. scrofarum. Based on the sequence analysis of the β-giardia gene of G. duodenalis, assemblages E and A were characterized. Fourteen E. bieneusi genotypes comprising five novel (WildBoar 7–11) and eight known (EbpC, F, CHG19, CHC5, PigEBITS5, D, RWSH4, SC02) genotypes were identified by ITS sequencing. EbpC was the most frequent genotype, detected in 85 specimens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all 14 genotypes belonged to Group 1.ConclusionsThis first report on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in captive wild boars in China indicates that the presence of zoonotic species/assemblages/genotypes poses a threat to public health. The findings suggest that wild boars could be a significant source of human infection and water pollution.

Occurrence, Molecular Characterization, and Assessment of Zoonotic Risk of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Pigs in Henan, Central China

“…Also assemblage A genotypes were frequently found in this survey. These findings are in accordance with other reports on G. duodenalis in pigs in Australia, Asia, Europe, North America, and in wild boars in China (Armson et al 2009;Langkjaer et al 2007;Li et al 2017;Petersen et al 2015). Unexpectedly, supposedly canine-specific assemblage C was also found in three pigs in the present study.…”

Multilocus Typing of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Pig Reveals the High Prevalence, Zoonotic Potential, Host Adaptation and Geographical Segregation in China

“…Another recent study also showed that EbpC was the most prevalent genotype among E. bieneusi isolates from wild boar (Li et al. ).…”

“…), CHC5 isolates have been found in dairy cattle and wild boar (Li et al. , ). This study shows the capacity of CHG19 and CHC5 isolates to adapt to different pig breeds.…”

Evaluation of copromicroscopy and serology to measure the exposure to Ascaris infections across age groups and to assess the impact of 3 years of biannual mass drug administration in Jimma Town, Ethiopia

“…Although both coproprevalence and mean FECs dropped significantly as a function of increasing age, the adult population in Jimma Town still hosts a substantial reservoir of adult worms, capable of maintaining transmission in the population. Both deterministic and stochastic STH transmission models [5], as well as recent findings by Dunn et al [34], who found that adults were major contributors to total STH prevalence and FECs, seem to underpin the notion that broadening coverage to encompass all age classes will likely be a more effective approach for the long-term control of STHs than restricting deworming to SAC only. However, at this moment, the impact of school-based MDA on the STH transmission in the adult population is not well known.…”