Identification of Human Orbital Lymphatics

Gausas, Roberta E.; Gonnering, Russell S.; Lemke, Bradley N.; Dortzbach, Richard K.; Sherman, Deborah D.

doi:10.1097/00002341-199907000-00006

Cited by 86 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…In addition, conjunctiva or episclera has a rich supply of capillaries and lymphatics [17][18][19] (Figure 4); therefore, administrated drugs in the conjunctival or episcleral space may be cleared through blood and lymph. The conjunctival blood vessels do not form a tight junction barrier [20], which means drug molecules can enter into the blood circulation by pinocytosis and/or convective transport through paracellular pores in the vascular endothelial layer.…”

Section: Conjunctivamentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Ocular Drug Delivery Systems

2011

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Abstract:Transport of drugs applied by traditional dosage forms is restricted to the eye, and therapeutic drug concentrations in the target tissues are not maintained for a long duration since the eyes are protected by a unique anatomy and physiology. For the treatment of the anterior segment of the eye, various droppable products to prolong the retention time on the ocular surface have been introduced in the market. On the other hand, direct intravitreal implants, using biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymer technology, have been widely investigated for the treatment of chronic vitreoretinal diseases. There is urgent need to develop ocular drug delivery systems which provide controlled release for the treatment of chronic diseases, and increase patient's and doctor's convenience to reduce the dosing frequency and invasive treatment. In this article, progress of ocular drug delivery systems under clinical trials and in late experimental stage is reviewed.

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Section: Conjunctivamentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Ocular Drug Delivery Systems

2011

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“…[12][13][14] In 1993, these enzyme techniques were first used to study primate orbital tissue, 10 and in 1999 to study human orbital tissue, including two nonirradiated exenteration specimens, and six enucleation specimens consisting of anterior optic nerve and globe. 15 Using conjunctiva as a control, lymphatics were identified in the following human orbital tissues by double staining with 5 0 -Nase followed by ALP-ase. In each case, lymphatics were only confirmed to be present if the 5 0 -Nase staining vessels also met the morphological criteria for lymphatics already described.…”

Section: Enzymes Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to improve cellular architecture, and assist this identification, plastic sections, which do not obliterate enzyme activity, were used. 15 Lachrymal gland: Both orbital and palpebral lobes showed numerous lymphatic capillaries adjacent to blood vessels and lachrymal gland ductules (Figure 1). Optic nerve: Lymphatics were found in the middle and outer layers of the dura but not the optic nerve itself (Figure 2).…”

Section: Enzymes Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orbital lymphatics: do they exist?

Dickinson

Gausas

2006

Eye

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“…26,27 Lymphatics also have been identified in the human orbit, mainly in the lacrimal gland and dura mater of the optic nerve, but are of questionable importance concerning the intraorbital spread of conjunctiva melanoma. 29 In contrast to conjunctival melanoma, the more commonly occurring melanoma of the uveal tract metastasizes almost exclusively hematogenously, especially to the liver. 1…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Malignant Melanoma of the Conjunctiva

Brownstein

2004

Cancer Control

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Conjunctival melanoma is a relatively rare condition, occurring only 1/40th as often as choroidal melanoma and approximately 500 times less often than cutaneous melanoma. Its incidence is 0.2 to 0.8 per million in white populations. [1][2][3][4] Conjunctival melanoma is a potentially lethal neoplasm, with an average 10-year mortality rate of 30%. 1 It is identified most frequently in the perilimbal interpalpebral bulbar conjunctiva with tumors located in the palpebral or fornical conjunctiva or caruncle, plica semilunaris or eyelid margins having a worse prognosis for survival. 1,5 Conjunctival melanoma has no sexual predilection, and it is found predominately in middle-aged Malignant Melanoma of the Conjunctiva

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Identification of Human Orbital Lymphatics

Cited by 86 publications

References 0 publications

Recent Advances in Ocular Drug Delivery Systems

Recent Advances in Ocular Drug Delivery Systems

Orbital lymphatics: do they exist?

Malignant Melanoma of the Conjunctiva

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