Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes During a Wool Follicle Growth Cycle Induced by Prolactin

Rufaut, Nicholas W; Pearson, A. J.; Nixon, A. J.; Wheeler, Thomas T.; Wilkins, Richard J.

doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00775.x

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…33 It has recently been reported that several genes, involved in intracellular signaling, were down-regulated in PRL-induced telogen hair follicles compared to anagen follicles. 51 Thus, we cannot exclude that PRL acts in addition by regulation of genes, which are so far unknown to be involved in the regulation of hair follicle cycling. PRLR-null mutations have slightly longer and coarser hair compared to wild-type mice, which may be because of either a prolonged anagen phase or increased proliferation of follicular keratinocytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Prolactin and Its Receptor Are Expressed in Murine Hair Follicle Epithelium, Show Hair Cycle-Dependent Expression, and Induce Catagen

Foitzik

Krause

Nixon

et al. 2003

The American Journal of Pathology

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Here, we provide the first study of prolactin (PRL) and prolactin receptor (PRLR) expression during the nonseasonal murine hair cycle, which is, in contrast to sheep, comparable with the human scalp and report that both PRL and PRLR are stringently restricted to the hair follicle epithelium and are strongly hair cycle-dependent. In addition we show that PRL exerts functional effects on anagen hair follicles in murine skin organ culture by down-regulation of proliferation in follicular keratinocytes. In telogen follicles, PRL-like immunoreactivity was detected in outer root sheath (ORS) keratinocytes. During early anagen (III to IV), the developing inner root sheath (IRS) and the surrounding ORS were positive for PRL. In later anagen stages, PRL could be detected in the proximal IRS and the inner layer of the ORS. The regressing (catagen) follicle showed a strong expression of PRL in the proximal ORS. In early anagen, PRLR immunoreactivity occurred in the distal part of the ORS around the developing IRS, and subsequently to a restricted area of the more distal ORS during later anagen stages and during early catagen. The dermal papilla (DP) stayed negative for both PRL and PRLR throughout the cycle. Telogen follicles showed only a very weak PRLR staining of ORS keratinocytes. The long-form PRLR transcript was shown by real-time polymerase chain reaction to be transiently down-regulated during early anagen, whereas PRL transcripts were up-regulated during mid anagen. Addition of PRL (400 ng/ml) to anagen hair follicles in murine skin organ culture for 72 hours induced premature catagen development in vitro along with a decline in the number of proliferating hair bulb keratinocytes. These data support the intriguing concept that PRL is generated locally in the hair follicle epithelium and acts directly in an autocrine or paracrine manner to modulate the hair cycle. Hair follicles are unusual in that they undergo lifelong cycles of growth and regression. Active hair growth (anagen) is accompanied by hair shaft elongation, melanogenesis, and by massive keratinocyte proliferation, whereas hair follicle regression (catagen) is characterized by terminal differentiation and apoptosis, resulting in the resting stage (telogen) and in hair shaft shedding (exogen). The molecular mechanisms that are responsible for this tightly controlled process are still not clear, but in the last decade a large, yet limited number of growth factors, cytokines, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, and hormones have been shown to play important regulatory roles.1-3 A particularly intriguing issue in this context is the search for the set of locally generated hormones and neurotrophines that are involved in that growth control 4,5 beyond the well-recognized effects of locally metabolized steroid hormones.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Prolactin and Its Receptor Are Expressed in Murine Hair Follicle Epithelium, Show Hair Cycle-Dependent Expression, and Induce Catagen

Foitzik

Krause

Nixon

et al. 2003

The American Journal of Pathology

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“…Protein kinase Clk3, a regulator in RNA splicing, was detected at high levels in anagen but not telogen during wool follicle growth cycle induced by prolactin (Rufaut et al, 1999). Expression of the cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) was also shown to correlate with the dynamics of the hair cycle (Bazzano et al, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive Hair Loss and Myocardial Degeneration in Rough Coat Mice: Reduced Lysyl Oxidase-Like (LOXL) in the Skin and Heart

Hayashi

Cao

Passmore

et al. 2004

Journal of Investigative Dermatology

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The rough coat (rc) is a spontaneous recessive mutation in mice. To identify the mutated gene, we have characterized the rc phenotype and initiated linkage mapping. The rc mice show growth retardation, cyclic and progressive hair loss, hyperplastic epidermis, abnormal hair follicles, cardiac muscle degeneration, and reduced amount of collagen and elastin in the skin and heart. The rc locus was mapped at 32.0 cM on chromosome 9, close to the loxl gene. Lysyl oxidase-like (LOXL) protein is a novel copper-containing amine oxidase that is required for the cross-linking of elastin and collagen in vitro. LOXL is expressed at high levels in the skin and heart, where the rc mice show strong phenotype. The expression pattern and the genetic proximity to rc suggested loxl as a potential candidate gene. In rc mice, the loxl mRNA was reduced in the skin and the LOXL protein in the heart, dermis, atrophic hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. No mutations, however, were identified within the coding region of loxl, and offspring from rc/rc and loxl null mice crossing were phenotypically normal. Based on these results, loxl appears non-allelic to rc. Heart- and skin-specific downregulation of LOXL in rc mice, however, may contribute to the extracellular matrix alterations and the rc phenotype.

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“…Changes in gene expression have been followed through stages of the cycle by differential display of sequence tags of expressed mRNAs (39). Nine differentially expressed genes were detected but only four identified.…”

Section: Wool Follicle Cyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The location of mRNA for the protein stratifin, a regulator of differentiation for example, was found in the bulb and developing shaft ( Fig. 12) (39) and an unidentified gene was expressed solely in the IRS (Fig. 13).…”

Section: Ifs Continues a Group With The Highest Cystine Content Is Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Biology of the wool follicle: an excursion into a unique tissue interaction system waiting to be re‐discovered

Rogers

2006

Experimental Dermatology

124

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: Wool fibres are hairs and the term ‘wool’ is usually restricted to describe the fine curly hairs that constitute the fleece produced by sheep. In a broader sense, it can be used to describe the fleeces produced by related species such as goat or yak. Research into the biology of wool growth and the structure of the wool fibre has been driven by the demands of the wool industry to improve both the efficiency of growing wool and the quality of the product. Well beyond this very applied perspective however, the wool follicle is a unique basic research model for the life sciences in general. These unique features include, to name just a few selected examples, accessibility for studying the molecular controls involved in branching of secondary epithelial‐mesenchymal structures, the photoperiod‐dependence of regenerating tissue interaction systems, the origin of fibre curliness and follicle wave pattern formation, and the effect of alterations in nutrient supply on epithelial growth and fibre structure. In this review, investigation of growth processes in the formation of the wool fibre is broadly surveyed. The relevance and potential for practical outcomes through characterization of wool follicle genes are discussed and particular features of the wool follicle contributing to our knowledge of the biology of hair growth are highlighted. The practical potential of gene discovery in wool research is the provision of molecular markers for selective breeding and for altering wool growth and wool structure by other biological pathways such as sheep transgenesis that could lead to novel wool properties. In this background, the current review attempts to revive general interest in the fascinating biology of the wool follicle which is not only of profound economic and practical importance but offers an exquisite, highly instructive research model for addressing key questions of modern biology.

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Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes During a Wool Follicle Growth Cycle Induced by Prolactin

Cited by 25 publications

References 42 publications

Prolactin and Its Receptor Are Expressed in Murine Hair Follicle Epithelium, Show Hair Cycle-Dependent Expression, and Induce Catagen

Prolactin and Its Receptor Are Expressed in Murine Hair Follicle Epithelium, Show Hair Cycle-Dependent Expression, and Induce Catagen

Progressive Hair Loss and Myocardial Degeneration in Rough Coat Mice: Reduced Lysyl Oxidase-Like (LOXL) in the Skin and Heart

Biology of the wool follicle: an excursion into a unique tissue interaction system waiting to be re‐discovered

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