Identification of a Tetrodotoxin-producing Bacterium Isolated from the Xanthid Crab <i>Atergatis floridus</i>

Puffer Fish Gut Microbiota Studies Revealed Unique Bacterial Co-Occurrence Patterns and New Insights on Tetrodotoxin Producers

“…Similar to the findings of R. bromii, Aliivibrio fischeri was also found as network centrality in the gut environment of toxic puffers with significantly higher abundance comparing to the non-toxic group. Aliivibrio fischeri was a TTX-producing bacterium found in Atergatis floridus [38]. The relatively predominance of it in the toxic puffer fish guts directly implied its close relationship with TTX biosynthesis.…”

Intestinal microflora of Japanese coastal fishes.

“…A total of 2529 strains of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria were isolated aerobically from the intestinal contents of the seven fish species and the three water samples. The strains were composed of Vibrio (2116 strains), Pseudomonas (108), Moraxella (67), Bacillus (41), Streptococcus (29), Flavobacterium (18), Micrococcus (9), Staphylococcus (3), Acinetobacter (1), coryneforms (1), yeasts (7) On the other hand, a total of 1136 strains of anaerobic bacteria were isolated anaerobically. The strains were obligate anaerobes (24 strains) and facultative anaerobes (1112).…”

“…The strains were obligate anaerobes (24 strains) and facultative anaerobes (1112). The former consisted of Clostridium (11), Bacteroidaceae (10) and Gram-positive cocci (3), while the latter of Gram-negative rods (1102), Gram-positive cocci (7), coryneforms (2) and Bacillus (1).…”

Production level of tetrodotoxin in Aeromonas is associated with the copy number of a plasmid

“…Thereafter, more and more TTX-producing bacterial strains were isolated from numerous organisms and deep-sea sediments. These bacteria included Acinetobacter sp., Aeromonas sp., Alteromonas sp., Bacillus sp., Bacillus horikoshii, Cellulomonas fimi, Kytococcus sedentarius, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Marinomonas sp., Microbacterium arabinogalactanolyticum, Nocardiopsis dassonvillei, Plesiomonas sp., Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis tetraodonis, Pseudomonas sp., Raoultella terrigena, Roseobacter sp., Serratia marcescens, Shewanella sp., Tenacibaculum sp., Vibrio alginolyticus and V. fischeri Narita et al, 1987;Sugita et al, 1987;Hwang et al, 1989;Do et al, 1990;Cheng et al, 1995;Ritchie et al, 2000;Lee et al, 2000;Wu et al, 2005;Wang et al, 2008Lu and Yi, 2009;Bragadeeswaran et al, 2010;Yang et al, 2010;Yu et al, 2004Yu et al, , 2011Pratheepa and Vasconcelos, 2013;Magarlamov et al, 2014). Even now there remains much debate in the literature about whether bacteria are truly the source of TTX in animals (Chau et al, 2011), although the bacterial origin of TTX in TTX-bearing pufferfish has been accepted (Noguchi et al, 2006).…”