“…In bumble bee (Bombus terrestris) workers, exposure to field-realistic imidacloprid concentrations (10 ppb) can induce a total of 405 DEGs with functions related to energy reserve metabolism, synaptic transmission, apoptotic processes, xenobiotic transport, and complement activation, and including P450 genes (Manjon et al, 2018); exposure to a sublethal dose of clothianidin (6.47 ppb) induces the differential expression of 55 genes, including three putative cytochrome P450 genes (Bebane et al, 2019;Colgan et al, 2019). In Bradysia odoriphaga, exposure to the LC 50 dose (4.08 mg/l) of imidacloprid for 24 h induces the differential expression of 674 unigenes with functions related to cytochrome P450, cell adhesion, axon guidance, and carbohydrate metabolic process (Chen et al, 2019). The effects of neonicotinoids on insect gene expression vary among different species of insects, but genes related to metabolism, detoxification (especially cytochrome P450), and neuron development/synaptic transmission seem to be commonly found.…”