Deteriorating soil fertility and gradually decreasing rice productivity along with higher greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields have emerged as serious threats to the sustainability of rice production and food security. Rice production in the subtropical environment in Bangladesh is mostly dependent on synthetic inorganic fertilizer to maintain productivity; however, the inorganic fertilizer has negative effects on global warming. Climate-smart and resilient agricultural production systems are major concerns nowadays to meet sustainable development goals. The study was conducted to evaluate the optimum rate and source of organic amendments on rice productivity and soil fertility along with CH4 emission. A total of nine nutrient combinations were used in the study. The CH4 emission, soil redox potential (Eh), soil pH, soil nitrogen and organic carbon, available phosphorus, rice grain and straw were greatly affected by the application of different rates and sources of the nutrient. However, the soil exchangeable K content, plant height, and harvest index were not affected. Among the treatments, the application of 75% recommended fertilizer (RF) + biosolid 2 t ha−1 (T3) was the most effective and showed the superior performance in terms of available P (12.90 ppm), the number of grains panicle−1 (121), and 1000-grain weight (24.6g), rice grain, and straw yield along with the moderate CH4 emission (18.25 mg m−2h−1). On the other hand, the lowest soil Eh (−158 mV) and soil pH (6.65) were measured from the treatment T3. The finding of this study revealed that the application of 75% of RF + biosolid 2 t ha−1 can be recommended as the preferable soil amendment for boosting rice yield, reduce CH4 emissions, and sustainably maintain soil fertility. Furthermore, this finding may help to introduce preferable soil amendment doses, which will contribute to boosting rice productivity and economic turnouts of the farmers.
The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) is a destructive rice pest found in almost all the rice-growing areas across the globe. In pest management strategies, insecticides are the vital element to control this insect pest. But recently their heavy use poses a risk of control failure because of the development of insecticide resistance. Quick insecticide resistance development nature in N. lugens intrigued scientists to understand the complex resistance mechanism(s), side by side pledge the importance of regular monitoring to know the trend of resistance development. Resistance mechanisms like, target-site insensitivity and enhanced activity of detoxifying enzymes, have been extensively studied and identified in governing the resistance development of N. lugens. Both the field collected and laboratory selected pest populations were tested against commonly used insecticides to detect insecticide resistance ratio. In this review, recent findings of resistance mechanisms, candidate genes those contribute in resistance development have been summarized. We also provide an insight into the metabolic resistance mechanisms that confer significant levels of resistances and the current status of insecticide resistance in N. lugens. This review will help to get a clearer view on present research directions of insecticide resistance in N. lugens.
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