Identification of a Fungi-Derived Terrestrial Halogenated Natural Product in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)

Abstract

In this study, we identified and quantitated a tetrachlorinated compound found at high concentrations in some samples of the meat of free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa) from Southern Germany. Mass spectrometric analysis indicated that the compound was a tetrachloromethoxyphenol isomer, and the subsequently synthesized tetrachloro-p-methoxyphenol was identical with the unknown compound in wild boar. Tetrachloro-p-methoxyphenol is a known secondary metabolite of basidiomycetous fungi, which in turn are regular feed items of the wild boar. It is extremely likely that the wild boar have accumulated tetrachloro-p-methoxyphenol by exploiting basidiomycetes. The highest concentration in the samples (n = 22) was ~1 mg/kg lipids tetrachloro-p-methoxyphenol. This concentration was higher than that of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in any of the samples. Some samples did not contain tetrachloro-p-methoxyphenol, which indicates varied preferences in fungi by wild boars. Our data suggest that during their entire evolution, humans have been in contact with the natural product tetrachloro-p-methoxyphenol by consuming wild boars.

International challenges without borders: a descriptive study of family physicians' educational needs in the field of diabetes

“…More specifically, FPs/GPs did not feel competent with insulin therapy, lacked knowledge on when to initiate insulin therapy, and had challenges in maintaining and adjusting insulin therapy [BMJ-GAP]. In Germany, they were challenged in initiating an insulin therapy after failure of the treatment with oral anti-diabetics [35] and they lacked knowledge and skills regarding the appropriate and individualized treatment of the elderly (largely due to specificity in the guidelines regarding this group) [36]. …”

Understanding fungal functional biodiversity during the mitigation of environmentally dispersed pentachlorophenol in cork oak forest soils

“…The TeC‐ p ‐G isomer, i.e. Dro A, is a bactericidal compound, particularly active against Gram‐positive bacteria, that has been previously identified in Basidiomycota strains (de Jong and Field, ; Hiebl et al ., ). Additional conjugates, namely after O ‐methylation (TCMP), sulfation (S‐TCDHB) or both (S‐TCMP), were detected in some of the axenic cultures.…”

“…All LC and MS solvents, as well as those required in the fast‐solvent extractions, were of the highest analytical grade. Chlorinated derivatives of resorcinol, hydroquinone and catechol were produced through an aqueous chlorination methodology (Heasley et al ., ) and 2,3,5,6‐tetrachloro‐4‐methoxyphenol (Dro A) was synthesized as described before (Hiebl et al ., ).…”

Inhibitory Effects of Sulfate and Nitrate Reduction on Reductive Dechlorination of PCP in a Flooded Paddy Soil

“…Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was widely used as a pesticide (e.g., herbicide and insecticide) and wood preservatives due to a broad-spectrum bactericidal activity ( Olaniran and Igbinosa, 2011 ). Long-term exposure of humans and animals to low levels of PCP can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, blood plasma, and the nervous system ( Rodenburg et al, 2010 ; Hiebl et al, 2011 ). While the use of PCP was banned in 2015 by 90 signatories to the Stockholm Convention ( United Nations Environment Programme, 2015 ), PCP is a persistent organic pollutant and will remain a widespread problem in wetlands, aquatic environments, and soils for the immediate future ( Vallecillo et al, 1999 ; Hong et al, 2005 ; Persson et al, 2007 ).…”