Identification, characterization and expression profiles of Chironomus riparius glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes in response to cadmium and silver nanoparticles exposure

Expression profiles of seven glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes from Venerupis philippinarum exposed to heavy metals and benzo[a]pyrene

“…A sigma GST from disk abalone (HdGSTS1) also exhibited a considerable inducibility by organic contaminants (Wan et al, 2008a). Recent studies showed that sigma GSTs from Chironomus riparius and Perinereis nuntia displayed great potential as a biomarker to cadmium and silver nanoparticles exposure (Nail and Choi, 2011;Won et al, 2011). The results in the present study were positively consistent with previous reports, clearly demonstrating that some sigma class VpGSTs were more sensitive than other GSTs for heavy metals and B[a]P exposure.…”

“…Owing to the sensitive response of mRNA expression to diverse forms of stressors, changes in mRNA expression of cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferases, superoxide dismutase, heat shock proteins, metallothioneins and vitellogenin have been frequently used for the diagnosis of environmental contamination (Hoarau et al, 2006;Sarkar et al, 2006;Gao et al, 2007). Since GST play important roles in detoxification pathways and in the oxidative stress response, GSTs have been investigated widely in ecotoxicology and marine pollution assessment (Boutet et al, 2004;Hoarau et al, 2006;Rhee et al, 2007;Lee et al, 2008;Wan et al, 2008aWan et al, , 2008bWan et al, , 2009Kim et al, 2010;Nail and Choi, 2011;Won et al, 2011). However, as a biomonitor in marine environmental monitoring, the information about various classes of V. philippinarum GSTs and their spatial and temporal expression profiles to heavy metals and B[a]P exposure is currently unavailable.…”

“…With regards to B[a]P exposure, the expression of VpGSTS1 showed a dramatic decrease, while VpGSTS2 and VpGSTS3 displayed notable increases with larger amplitude in VpGSTS2 (6.5 fold). It has been suggested that sigma class GSTs participate in cellular xenobiotic defenses and antioxidant systems in various organisms (Singh et al, 2001;Lee et al, 2008;Wan et al, 2008a;Nail and Choi, 2011;Won et al, 2011). For example, Tigriopus japonicus GST class sigma (GST-S) was observed to be more consistent than other types of GSTs both in concentration-and timedependent studies when exposed to hydrogen peroxide and heavy metals (Lee et al, 2008).…”

“…Currently, at least 15 different classes of GSTs (alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, kappa, lambda, mu, omega, phi, pi, sigma, tau, theta, zeta, and rho) have been identified from numerous phylogenetically diverse organisms based on the differences in structural, catalytic and immunological characters (Hayes et al, 2005). In the previous studies, the mRNA expression of multiple specific GSTs had been investigated in several aquatic organisms after exposure to environmental pollutants (Boutet et al, 2004;Lee et al, 2008;Wan et al, 2008a;Li et al, 2009;Kim et al, 2010;Nail and Choi, 2011;Won et al, 2011). These studies provided the possibility to explore the correlation of specific GST responses with the detoxification of various toxicants, which were perhaps useful to evaluate the potential of different GST isoforms as molecular biomarkers to monitor marine environmental pollution.…”

Does cadmium affect the toxicokinetics of permethrin in Chironomus dilutus at sublethal level? Evidence of enzymatic activity and gene expression

“…3B), suggesting that cadmium up-regulated the CdGST gene expression. The GST gene expression was found to be up-regulated in time-and dose-dependent manners in C. riparius exposed to cadmium (Nair and Choi, 2011). It was believed that GST gene was induced to protect the organisms against oxidative stress caused by cadmium since GST was an antioxidant enzyme.…”