Identification and quantification of the decarboxylated analogue of Pigments Red 57 and 57:1 in the color additives D&amp;C Red No. 6, D&amp;C Red No. 7, and their lakes, using a chelating agent and UHPLC

Pérez-González, Marianita; Ridge, Clark D.; Weisz, Adrian

doi:10.1080/19440049.2018.1556404

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 21 publications

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“…A connection between adverse tattoo effects, implant failure and also the use of TiO 2 in tattoo inks has already been reported [28, 29]. Sensitization is also promoted by co-stimulating factors like inflammation, which may develop directly after tattooing due to the skin injury caused by the tattooing procedure or if infections occur simultaneously [30]. The impact of abraded particles from the tattoo needle and their potential role in metal-related tattoo skin allergies is yet unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of nickel and chromium containing particles from tattoo needle wear in humans and its possible impact on allergic reactions

et al. 2019

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Background Allergic reactions to tattoos are amongst the most common side effects occurring with this permanent deposition of pigments into the dermal skin layer. The characterization of such pigments and their distribution has been investigated in recent decades. The health impact of tattoo equipment on the extensive number of people with inked skin has been the focus of neither research nor medical diagnostics. Although tattoo needles contain high amounts of sensitizing elements like nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr), their influence on metal deposition in skin has never been investigated. Results Here, we report the deposition of nano- and micrometer sized tattoo needle wear particles in human skin that translocate to lymph nodes. Usually tattoo needles contain nickel (6–8%) and chromium (15–20%) both of which prompt a high rate of sensitization in the general population. As verified in pig skin, wear significantly increased upon tattooing with the suspected abrasive titanium dioxide white when compared to carbon black pigment. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy of the tattoo needle revealed a high wear after tattooing with ink containing titanium dioxide. The investigation of a skin biopsy obtained from a nickel sensitized patient with type IV allergy toward a tattoo showed both wear particles and iron pigments contaminated with nickel. Conclusion Previously, the virtually inevitable nickel contamination of iron pigments was suspected to be responsible for nickel-driven tattoo allergies. The evidence from our study clearly points to an additional entry of nickel to both skin and lymph nodes originating from tattoo needle wear with an as yet to be assessed impact on tattoo allergy formation and systemic sensitization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-019-0317-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%