Identification and quantification of the Ames mutagenic compound 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone and of its geometric isomer (E)-2-chloro-3-(dichloromethyl)-4-oxobutenoic acid in chlorine-treated humic water and drinking water extracts

Kronberg, Leif; Holmbom, Bjarne; Reunanen, Markku; Tikkanen, Leena

doi:10.1021/es00174a016

Cited by 144 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…One agent actively being investigated in this context is a chlorinated hy- 962 American Journal of Public Health droxy-furanone recently identified as an extremely potent mutagen present in chlorinated surface water. 30 If we posit that the association demonstrated between chlorination by-products and cancer represents a causal relationship in some way, the positive relative risks identified for bladder and colon cancer can best be interpreted in the context of attributable proportions (i.e., that portion of cases that can be attributed to a given risk factor32). By a conservative estimate, based on the 54% ofthe population that consumes chlorinated surface water (rather than the 75% that consumes chlorinated water), a 21% increase in the risk for bladder cancer and a 38% increase in the risk for rectal cancer translate into attnbutable proportions of9% and 15%, respectively.…”

Section: Senvdivity and Dose-response Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorination, chlorination by-products, and cancer: a meta-analysis.

Morris¹,

Audet²,

Angelillo³

et al. 1992

Am J Public Health

492

208

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

OBJECTIVES. Individual epidemiological investigations into the association between chlorination by-products in drinking water and cancer have been suggestive but inconclusive. Enough studies exist to provide the basis for a meaningful meta-analysis. METHODS. An extensive literature search was performed to identify pertinent case-control studies and cohort studies. Consumption of chlorinated water, surface water, or water with high levels of chloroform was used as a surrogate for exposure to chlorination by-products. Relative risk estimates were abstracted from the individual studies and pooled. RESULTS. A simple meta-analysis of all cancer sites yielded a relative risk estimate for exposure to chlorination by-products of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.20). Pooled relative risk estimates for organ-specific neoplasms were 1.21 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.34) for bladder cancer and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.87) for rectal cancer. When studies that adjusted for potential confounders were pooled separately, estimates of relative risks did not change substantially. CONCLUSIONS. The results of this meta-analysis suggest a positive association between consumption of chlorination by-products in drinking water and bladder and rectal cancer in humans.

show abstract

Section: Senvdivity and Dose-response Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorination, chlorination by-products, and cancer: a meta-analysis.

Morris¹,

Audet²,

Angelillo³

et al. 1992

Am J Public Health

492

208

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Halogenated furanones are a class of highly mutagenic compounds (Kronberg et al 1988). The chlorinated furanone 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2-(5H )-furanone (MX), its geometric isomer (E)-2-chloro-3-(dichloromethyl)-4-oxobutenoic acid (EMX), their oxidized and reduced forms, and brominated analogues of MX (BMX) have been identified (primarily MX and EMX) in a limited number of studies in various countries (Kronberg et al 1990;Suzuki & Nakanishi 1995;Smeds et al 1997;Simpson & Hayes 1998;Wright et al 2002).…”

Section: Other Emerging Disinfection By-products Of Concernmentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation and control of emerging disinfection by-products of health concern

Krasner¹

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

246

132

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

When drinking water treatment plants disinfect water, a wide range of disinfection by-products (DBPs) of health and regulatory concern are formed. Recent studies have identified emerging DBPs (e.g. iodinated trihalomethanes (THMs) and acids, haloacetonitriles, halonitromethanes (HNMs), haloacetaldehydes, nitrosamines) that may be more toxic than some of the regulated ones (e.g. chlorine- and bromine-containing THMs and haloacetic acids). Some of these emerging DBPs are associated with impaired drinking water supplies (e.g. impacted by treated wastewater, algae, iodide). In some cases, alternative primary or secondary disinfectants to chlorine (e.g. chloramines, chlorine dioxide, ozone, ultraviolet) that minimize the formation of some of the regulated DBPs may increase the formation of some of the emerging by-products. However, optimization of the various treatment processes and disinfection scenarios can allow plants to control to varying degrees the formation of regulated and emerging DBPs. For example, pre-disinfection with chlorine, chlorine dioxide or ozone can destroy precursors for N -nitrosodimethylamine, which is a chloramine by-product, whereas pre-oxidation with chlorine or ozone can oxidize iodide to iodate and minimize iodinated DBP formation during post-chloramination. Although pre-ozonation may increase the formation of trihaloacetaldehydes or selected HNMs during post-chlorination or chloramination, biofiltration may reduce the formation potential of these by-products.

show abstract

“…Since MX has been found at concentrations ranging from 13 to 675 ng L -1 in chlorinated water samples collected in other countries such as Finland, 11,26 and North America, 10,27 the method proposed, which offers a detection limit of 30 ng L -1 , may be used for MX monitoring in chlorinated water samples. A classification of waters into two groups, samples with MX and samples without MX or with MX at concentration below the reference value established by the WHO, may be useful for control of drinking water quality.…”

Section: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Of MXmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 One of the most potent direct-acting mutagens in the Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA100 is 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) 2,3 which has been found in chlorinated drinking water from Finland, 4,5 North America, 6,7 Netherlands, 8 and Japan. 9 Although the MX found in chlorinated drinking water was at low concentrations, ranging from trace amounts to 675 ng L -1 , 10,11 it has been shown to account for approximately 50% of the total mutagenicity of such water. 12 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), MX concentrations of 1.8 g L -1 are associated with a 10 5 cancer risk for a 60 kg adult drinking 2 litres of water per day.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Solid-phase microextraction for determination of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone in water

Rezemini¹,

Vaz²,

Carvalho³

2008

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Microextração em fase sólida, usando a derivatização on-line com bis(trimetilsilil)trifluoroacetamida, cromatografia a gás e espectrometria de massas, foi avaliada para a quantificação de 3-cloro-4-(diclorometil)-5-hidróxi-2(5H)-furanona (MX) em amostras de água. Foram usadas fibras de diferentes polaridades empregando a amostragem por imersão e por headspace. Para o sistema de imersão, foram avaliados vários parâmetros que afetam a extração de MX, como pH, salinidade, temperatura e tempo de extração. O método otimizado (fibra de poliacrilato; 20% Na 2 SO 4 ; pH 2,0; 60 min; 20 °C) foi aplicado para águas cloradas proveniente de reservatórios de abastecimento de água-amostras naturais e amostras com adição de MX (50 ng L -1 e 100 ng L Solid-phase microextraction, using on-line bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide derivatisation, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry, was evaluated in the quantification of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) in water samples. Fibres encompassing a wide range of polarities were used with headspace and direct immersion sampling. For the immersion procedure, various parameters affecting MX extraction, including pH, salinity, temperature, and extraction time were evaluated. The optimised method (polyacrylate fibre; 20% Na 2 SO 4 ; pH 2.0; 60 min; 20 °C) was applied for reservoir chlorinated water samples-either natural or spiked with MX (50 ng L -1 and 100 ng L -1 ). The recovery of MX ranged from 44 to 72%. Quantification of MX in water samples was done using external standard and the selected ion monitoring mode. Correlation coefficient (0.98%), relative standard deviation (5%), limit of detection (30 ng L -1 ) and limit of quantification (50 ng L -1 ) were obtained from calibration curve.

show abstract

Identification and quantification of the Ames mutagenic compound 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone and of its geometric isomer (E)-2-chloro-3-(dichloromethyl)-4-oxobutenoic acid in chlorine-treated humic water and drinking water extracts

Cited by 144 publications

References 23 publications

Chlorination, chlorination by-products, and cancer: a meta-analysis.

Chlorination, chlorination by-products, and cancer: a meta-analysis.

The formation and control of emerging disinfection by-products of health concern

Solid-phase microextraction for determination of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone in water

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About