The formation and control of emerging disinfection by-products of health concern

Krasner, Stuart W.

doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0108

Cited by 246 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Water source conditions, such as concentration of natural organic matter (e.g. organic carbon), bromide or iodide, and other physical factors (pH, temperature), together with the class and amount of disinfectant used, have a significant influence on the formation of the final DBP mixtures [3,4], a phenomenon difficult to predict and assess.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of cytochrome P450 and induction of DNA damage in Cyprinus carpio exposed in situ to surface water treated with chlorine or alternative disinfectants in different seasons

Canistro

Melega

Ranieri

et al. 2012

Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutag

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Epidemiological studies have shown an association between consumption of disinfected drinking water and adverse health outcomes. The chemicals used to disinfect water react with occurring organic matter and anthropogenic contaminants in the source water, resulting in the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The observations that some DBPs are carcinogenic in animal models have raised public concern over the possible adverse health effects for humans. Here, the modulation of liver cytochrome P450-linked monooxygenases (MFO) and the genotoxic effects in erythrocytes of Cyprinus carpio fish exposed in situ to surface drinking water in the presence of disinfectants, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) and peracetic acid (PAA), were investigated in winter and summer. A complex induction/suppression pattern of CYP-associated MFOs in winter was observed for all disinfectants. For example, a 3.4-to 15-fold increase was recorded of the CYP2B1/2-linked dealkylation of penthoxyresorufin with NaClO (10 days) and PAA (20 days). In contrast, ClO 2 generated the most notable inactivation, the CYP2E1-supported hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol being decreased up to 71% after 10 days' treatment. In summer, the degree of modulation was modest, with the exception of CYP3A1/2 and CYP1A1 supported MFOs (62% loss after 20 days PAA).The micronucleus (MN) induction in fish circulating erythrocytes was also analysed as an endpoint of genotoxic potential in the same fish population. Significant increases of MN induction were detected at the latest sampling time on fish exposed to surface water treated with chlorinate-disinfectants, both in winter (NaClO) and summer (NaClO and ClO 2 ), while no effect was observed in fish exposed to PAA-treated water.These results show that water disinfection may be responsible for harmful outcomes in terms of MFO perturbation and DNA damage; if extrapolated to humans, they ultimately offer a possible rationale for the increased urinary cancer risk recorded in regular drinking water consumers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of cytochrome P450 and induction of DNA damage in Cyprinus carpio exposed in situ to surface water treated with chlorine or alternative disinfectants in different seasons

Canistro

Melega

Ranieri

et al. 2012

Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutag

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“…[24][25][26] While alternative disinfection has been demonstrated to be very effective in reducing the formation of the regulated DBPs including the 4 THMs and 5 HAAs, it may lead to an enhancement in the formation of emerging DBPs, 2,17,24 which have exhibited a higher cytotoxic and/or genotoxic potential in mammalian cell tests. [27][28][29] So it is clear that prioritizing the most potent DBP groups is vital for establishing a reasonable strategy to control the adverse health effects of DBPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, profiling and prioritization of halogenated disinfection by-products in drinking water of China

Ding

Meng

Zhang

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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The occurrence of 28 disinfection by-products (DBPs), which were divided into 5 groups, in 70 drinking water treatment plants in 31 cities across China was investigated, and the toxic potency of each DBP group was calculated using mammalian cell toxicity data from previous studies for profiling. Of the 28 DBPs, 21 were detected with an average frequency of detection of 50%. Trihalomethanes (THM4) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) were the most predominant species, whose median concentration levels were at 10.53 and 10.95 mg L À1 , respectively. Two of four iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) were detected, and the concentration of the I-THMs ranged from under the detection limit to 5.58 mg L À1 . The total concentration of haloacetonitriles (HANs) in different water samples ranged from under the limit of detection to 39.20 mg L À1 , with a median concentration of 1.11 mg L À1 . Two of four halonitromethanes (HNMs) were detected, and the maximum concentrations of chloronitromethane (CNM) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) were 0.96 and 0.28 mg L À1 , respectively. HANs were found to be the most potent DBP group in terms of cytotoxicity, and HANs and HAAs had the same level of genotoxic potency. These results indicate that although at a low concentration level, the toxic potency of the unregulated HANs in drinking water may not be neglected. Environmental impactIdentication and control of disinfection by-products (DBPs) have long been major issues for securing drinking water safety. The occurrence patterns of 28 DBPs, including the regulated trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and the emerging iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and halonitromethanes (HNMs), in the nished water of 70 water treatment plants across 31 cities in China were revealed for the rst time. Prioritization of the DBP groups was performed using mammalian cell toxicity data from previous studies. HANs were found to be the most potent DBP group in terms of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.

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“…Further details on the bioassays were reported previously (Farré et al 2013, Neale et al 2012, Yeh et al 2014. and THNMs (Bond et al 2011b, Krasner 2009, Singer et al 1999, Yang et al 2012a) by 192%, 133%, and 1079%, respectively. Table 5.4.…”

Section: Bioassaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ozone breaks down NOM into smaller and more biodegradable compounds like aldehydes, ketoacids and carboxylic acids (Hammes et al 2006). With post-chlorination, these carbonyl-containing byproducts may participate in substitution reactions with HOCl forming DBPs such as chloral hydrate and 1,1,1-trichloropropanone (Krasner 2009, von Gunten 2003. Ozonation also alters the characteristics of NOM and cause the hydrophobic fraction to decrease, consequently decreasing the DBPs associated with that fraction (e.g., THMs and trihaloacetic acids (Hua and Reckhow 2007a)).…”

Section: Ozonation and Dbp Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the oxidation products are significant DBP precursors, biological treatment could decrease the resultant DBP formation potentials with chlorine. For example, aldehydes and ketones formed after ozonation can be consumed by the biofilters, preventing formation of haloaldehydes and haloketones (Krasner 2009). The study by Mitch et al (2009) showed low removals of chlorination formation potentials of THMs and dihalogenated HANs (~3%) during biofiltration of ozonated waters.…”

Section: Coupling Ozonation and Biofiltration For Dbp Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reducing disinfection byproduct formation potential using ozonation and biological drinking water treatment

Vera¹,

Andrew²

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The occurrence of natural organic matter (NOM) in source waters presents a concern in water treatment plants due to formation of toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this doctoral thesis, the fate of NOM during ozonation, biofiltration, and chlorination was investigated to identify important aspects in these processes that can be manipulated for better DBP control. Specifically, this thesis studied (1) reaction mechanisms of ozone with dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), an important fraction of NOM that forms nitrogenous DBPs, (2) role of ozone and• OH-mediated attack on NOM and DBP formation during chlorination, and (3) impact of ozonation on biodegradability of DBP precursors.The reaction of ozone with DON (Chapter 4) was observed to produce various transformation products including nitrate (NO 3 -) and ammonium (NH 4 + residual after 24 h = 1 -2 mg/L) as follows: THM4 (37%), HAA8 (44%), CH (107%), HK2 (97%), HAN4 (33%), trichloroacetamide (TCAM, 43%), and AOX (27%), but a decrease in concentrations of THNM2 (43%). Coupling ozonation with biofiltration prior to chlorination effectively lowered the formation potentials of all DBPs including CH, HK2, and THNM2, all of which increased after ozonation. The dynamics of DBP formation potentials during BAC filtration at different EBCTs followed first-order reaction kinetics. Minimum steady-state concentrations were attained at an EBCT of 10 -20 min, depending on the DBP species. The rate of reduction in DBP formation potentials varied among individual species before reaching their minimum concentrations. CH, HK2, and THNM2 had the highest rate constants of between 0.5 and 0.6 min -1 followed by HAN4 (0.4 min -1 ), THM4 (0.3 min -1 ), HAA8 (0.2 min -1 ), and AOX (0.1 min -1 ). Relative to concentrations after ozonation, the reduction in formation potential for most DBPs (e.g., at 15 min EBCT) was less than 50% but was higher than 70% for CH, HK2, and THNM2. The formation of bromine-containing DBPs increased with increasing EBCT likely due to an increase in Br -/DOC ratio.-iv- Dr. Wolfgang Gernjak co-advised me during my PhD candidature and played an integral part in all the chapters of this thesis. He was involved in the initial conceptual thinking, to developing research ideas, identifying appropriate experimental design, and interpreting research data. He also provided critical reviews in all the manuscripts. Declaration by authorDr. Maria José Farré, who was my principal advisor in 2013, is recognized for sharing her expertise in disinfection byproduct research (i.e., from laboratory techniques, instrumentation, and theory). Our regular exchange of viewpoints were essential in the conception of research ideas and approaches related to DBPs. She was also highly involved in the writing and review of manuscripts.Prof. Urs von Gunten, who is a world-leading expert in application of ozone for water treatment, was my host professor during my research visit at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)where I performed the bulk of the experiments repor...

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The formation and control of emerging disinfection by-products of health concern

Cited by 246 publications

References 54 publications

Modulation of cytochrome P450 and induction of DNA damage in Cyprinus carpio exposed in situ to surface water treated with chlorine or alternative disinfectants in different seasons

Modulation of cytochrome P450 and induction of DNA damage in Cyprinus carpio exposed in situ to surface water treated with chlorine or alternative disinfectants in different seasons

Occurrence, profiling and prioritization of halogenated disinfection by-products in drinking water of China

Reducing disinfection byproduct formation potential using ozonation and biological drinking water treatment

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