Identification and quantification of tetrodotoxin in the marine gastropod Nassarius by LC–MS

Toxicity of Some Marine Snails Responsible for Recent Food Poisonings in Vietnam

“…TTX in gastropods was found by several research groups (Noguchi et al, 1984;Hwang et al, 2005;Huang et al, 2008). The remaining specimen of poisoning case 1 showed not high toxicity to compare with toxic snail species reported in Japan, which exhibited 4,290 MU/g (Taniyama et al, 2008), but was more than the safety consumption level of TTXs (10 MU/g) suggested in Japan (Kodama and Sato, 2005), so still enough to cause human food poisoning.…”

“…The present result is different from those analyzed on Nassasius sp. from Japan and Taiwan (Hwang et al, 2005;Huang et al, 2008), which was reported extremely high amount of TTX in the same species. Considering that the toxicity in marine snails has very large individual variation, for example, toxicity of Alectron glans in Japan could be ranged from 16 -15,200 MU/g (Taniyama et al, 2008), it is suggested that the toxicity of snail specimens which victims ate must be much higher than those examined in this study.…”

Histological and biochemical studies on the effect of tetrodotoxin extracted from Puffer fish (Lagocephalus sceleratus) against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino mice.

“…Tetrodotoxin is a neurotoxin which is found in freshwater and marine species including puffer fish, blue-ringed octopus, Indo-pacific goby, gastropod mollusks, ocean sunfish, triggerfish and boxfish (Yotsu et al,2007;Huang et al, 2008 andYotsu, 2012). Tetrodotoxin is heat stable, water soluble and a non-protein quinazoline derivative (amino-perhydro-quinazoline) C 11 H 17 N 3 O 8 , one of the strongest marine paralytic toxins known today.…”

Study of the matrix effects of tetrodotoxin and its content in cooked seafood by liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

“…TTX is found in a number of marine species, including species of pufferfish [3][4][5][6], gastropods (e.g. nassarius [7][8][9][10], trumpet shell [11], and sea slug [12,13]), xanthid crabs [14,15], red-spotted newts [16,17], and anuran family brachycephalidae [18]. TTX is primarily produced by bacteria, such as actinomyces, aeromonas, alteromonas, bacillus, pseudomonas, vibrio, shewanella algae, and shewanella putrefaciens [19].…”

“…TTX analogs can also be simultaneously screened by both techniques [18,31]. Prior studies have measured the TTX content in fresh seafood, such as mussels and organs of pufferfish [3,4] and shellfish [3,10,28,29,32]. Acidified water or methanol was used to extract TTX.…”