Identification and Expression Analysis of cDNA Encoding a Chloroplast Recombination Protein REC1, the Chloroplast RecA Homologue inChlamydomonas reinhardtii

Involvement of mitochondrial-targeted RecA in the repair of mitochondrial DNA in the moss, Physcomitrella patens

“…The recA homologues of pea and C. reinhardtii chloroplasts have also been suggested to increase after DNA damage (Cerutti et al, 1992, Nakazato et al, 2003. To analyze the control of mitochondrial PprecA1 gene expression in the DNA-damaged cells of P. patens, we analyzed the level of PprecA1 expression in MMS-or bleomycin-treated cells by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.…”

Expression and Complementation Analyses of a Chloroplast-Localized Homolog of Bacterial RecA in the MossPhyscomitrella patens

“…The gene product shares extensive sequence similarity with E. coli RecA protein and chloroplast RecA from A. thaliana 12) and C. reinhardtii 17) except for the amino-terminal region. The PprecA2 transcript possesses two in-frame AUG codons in the 5 0 terminal region.…”

“…19) Moreover, the recA homologs of pea, A. thaliana, and C. reinhardtii chloroplasts perhaps increase after DNA damage. 12,13,17) To examine PprecA2 expression in DNAdamaged cells of P. patens, we analyzed the level of PprecA2 expression in MMS-and bleomycin-treated cells by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis using anti-PpRecA2 antiserum. MMS, a DNA methylating agent, perhaps causes double strand breaks (DSBs) by forming methylated bases in DNA, 29) while bleomycin, a radiomimetic DNA-damaging agent, causes DSBs directly.…”

“…15) A RecA dependent recombination system has also been suggested for the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, unicellular green algae, 16) and the C. reinhardtii chloroplast RecA was identified. 17) Thus it is likely that an RecA-dependent recombination and repair system is ubiquitous and well conserved among chloroplast genetic systems, but little is known about the biological significance of homologous recombination in chloroplasts.…”

Recognition and Repair Pathways of Damaged DNA in Higher Plants

“…Currently no clear data are available for NER activities in the chloroplasts and only poor evidence is currently present on whether or how chloroplasts repair DSBs. Work on the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii showed presence of a chloroplast-located RecA homolog, which is inducible in expression by DNA-damaging reagents (Nakazato et al, 2003). In addition, Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutants affected in a chloroplast localized RecA (cpRecA) homolog have increased amounts of single-strand DNA, altered structures of chloroplast DNA, and chloroplasts showed signs of reduced function after four generations post T-DNA insertion (Rowan et al, 2010).…”