Identification and characterization of peptide drugs in unknown pharmaceutical preparations seized by the Belgian authorities: case report on AOD9604

Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry procedure after solid-phase extraction for detection of 19 doping peptides in human urine

“…Finally, novel, previously unknown macromolecules (i.e., TB500 17-23 fragment), with no current approval for human therapeutic use (i.e., agents under preclinical or clinical development, designer drugs, or compounds approved only for veterinary use), but illegally marketed (e.g., via Internet websites) [5] are included in section S0 ''Non-approved substances''. Different analytical approaches have already been developed and published to detect these compounds in nutritional supplements [6][7][8][9][10] and in doping control samples (either blood [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] or urine [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]), employing immunological [26,[35][36][37], electrophoretic [16][17][18][19]27], or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques [6-15, 20-25, 28-34] or a combination of different analytical technologies. In general, the most effective analytical approach (combined sample pretreatment and the instrumental method) has to take into ...…”

Detection of GHRP‐2 and GHRP‐6 in urine samples from athletes

“…[1][2][3] In the USA, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, and ipamorelin have been detected in confiscated vials. They mimic the biological action of the endogenous hormone ghrelin to induce the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary.…”

Identification of epidermal growth factor (EGF), in an unknown pharmaceutical preparation suspected to contain insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1)

“…The Precision Plus Protein™ Dual Xtra Standard was used as a molecular weight marker. The samples were run as described in Vanhee et al …”