Identification and Characterization of a Novel Type III Secretion System in
 trh
 -Positive
 Vibrio parahaemolyticus
 Strain TH3996 Reveal Genetic Lineage and Diversity of Pathogenic Machinery beyond the Species Level

Okada, Natsumi; Iida, Tetsuya; Park, Kwon-Sam; Goto, Naohisa; Yasunaga, Teruo; Hiyoshi, Hirotaka; Matsuda, Shigeaki; Kodama, Takao; Honda, Takeshi

doi:10.1128/iai.01184-08

Cited by 146 publications

(197 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…All strains were tested for the presence of type III secretion system (T3SS) genes specific to T3SS1, T3SS2␣, and T3SS2␤ by using primers described previously (31,32). Strain TX2103 was used as a positive control for T3SS␣ and strain AQ4037 for T3SS␤ (31).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical, Serological, and Virulence Characterization of Clinical and Oyster Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates

et al. 2012

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In this study, 77 clinical and 67 oyster Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from North America were examined for biochemical profiles, serotype, and the presence of potential virulence factors (tdh, trh, and type III secretion system [T3SS] genes). All isolates were positive for oxidase, indole, and glucose fermentation, consistent with previous reports. The isolates represented 35 different serotypes, 9 of which were shared by clinical and oyster isolates. Serotypes associated with pandemic strains (O1:KUT, O1:K25, O3:K6, and O4:K68) were observed for clinical isolates, and 7 (9%) oyster isolates belonged to serotype O1:KUT. Of the clinical isolates, 27% were negative for tdh and trh, while 45% contained both genes. Oyster isolates were preferentially selected for the presence of tdh and/or trh; 34% contained both genes, 42% had trh but not tdh, and 3% had tdh but not trh. All but 1 isolate (143/144) had at least three of the four T3SS1 genes examined. The isolates lacking both tdh and trh contained no T3SS2␣ or T3SS2␤ genes. All clinical isolates positive for tdh and negative for trh possessed all T3SS2␣ genes, and all isolates negative for tdh and positive for trh possessed all T3SS2␤ genes. The two oyster isolates containing tdh but not trh possessed all but the vopB2 gene of T3SS2␣, as reported previously. In contrast to the findings of previous studies, all strains examined that were positive for both tdh and trh also carried T3SS2␤ genes. This report identifies the serotype as the most distinguishing feature between clinical and oyster isolates. Our findings raise concerns about the reliability of the tdh, trh, and T3SS genes as virulence markers and highlight the need for more-detailed pathogenicity investigations of V. parahaemolyticus. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-associated illness in the United States and is generally associated with the consumption of raw molluscan shellfish (17). Even so, V. parahaemolyticus illnesses are believed to be highly underdiagnosed (143-fold), possibly due to the relatively low hospitalization (22.5%) and fatality (0.9%) rates (36). Another factor that may influence the underdiagnosis is the fact that traditional biochemical identification of V. parahaemolyticus has proven less reliable than molecular identification for clinical and food isolates (8,21). When an isolate is confirmed as V. parahaemolyticus, virulence characterization is typically performed. The virulence of V. parahaemolyticus was initially attributed to the production of a thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) (15, 26). The TDH is encoded by the tdh gene, and subsequently a related gene, termed the tdhrelated hemolysin (trh), was identified (26). Together, tdh and trh are widely considered the predominant indicators of strain virulence in V. parahaemolyticus (26,37,38). This is substantiated by the prevalence of tdh and/or trh in clinical V. parahaemolyticus isolates and the infrequent detection of these virulence markers in food and environmental samples (9,27,28,35,40).Investigati...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical, Serological, and Virulence Characterization of Clinical and Oyster Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates

et al. 2012

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“…Other studies (19)(20)(21) have reported that the tdh gene is encoded and co-regulated with T3SS2a genes, and that the T3SS2b genes have been detected in trh-positive strains. Moreover, all isolates contain T3SS1 (19,20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T3SS: We also examined T3SS genes as potential indicators of virulence by PCR assays according to previously published studies (19,21) (Table 1). The targeted genes were VP1670, VP1686, VP1689, and VP1694 as T3SS1 genes, VPA1327, VPA1335, VPA1339, and VPA1362 as T3SS2a genes, and vscS2, vscC2, vopC, and vopB2 as T3SS2b genes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The First Report of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strain O10:K60 in Japan, a New Combination of O and K Serotypes Isolated from a Patient with Gastroenteritis

et al. 2016

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SUMMARY:Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans, generally associated with the consumption of contaminated seafood, particularly raw shellfish. There are many serotypes in V. parahaemolyticus resulting from a combination of O and K antigens. Among them, O3:K6 and their variants, which represent the pandemic clone, are the most widespread strains worldwide. In this study, we examined V. parahaemolyticus isolated from a gastroenteritis patient's stool at a hospital in Saitama City, Japan in 2013. Serotyping of the O and K antigens identified the strain as O10:K60. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a V. parahaemolyticus strain with this antigen combination in Japan. Subsequently, we used PCR to assay for pathogenicity-associated genes, and found that it was positive for tdh, T3SS1, and T3SS2a genes. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that the strain was susceptible to all selected antibiotics except ampicillin. Moreover, we detected specific marker genes for the pandemic clone with two kinds of PCR assay. Our results suggest that the isolate O10:K60 is a newly emerging serotype that belongs to the pandemic clone.

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“…Therefore, in addition to CT, T3SS in V. cholerae is another possible virulence determinant. The T3SS gene cluster is distributed among various non-O1, non-O139 strains (8,12) and a phylogenetic analysis of T3SS-related genes implied horizontal gene transfer of a T3SS gene cluster among Vibrio species (13,14). Up to now, however, there has been no experimental evidence of horizontal transfer of the T3SS-related genes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Horizontal gene transfer of a genetic island encoding a type III secretion system distributed inVibrio cholerae

Morita

Yamamoto

Hiyoshi

et al. 2013

Microbiology and Immunology

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Twelve Vibrio cholerae isolates with genes for a type III secretion system (T3SS) were detected among 110 environmental and 14 clinical isolates. T3SS-related genes were distributed among the various serogroups and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of NotI-digested genomes showed genetic diversity in these strains. However, the restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles of the T3SS-related genes had similar patterns. Additionally, naturally competent T3SS-negative V. cholerae incorporated the ca. 47 kb gene cluster of T3SS, which had been integrated into a site on the chromosome by recombination. Therefore, it is suggested that horizontal gene transfer of T3SS-related genes occurs among V. cholerae in natural ecosystems.

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Identification and Characterization of a Novel Type III Secretion System in trh -Positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strain TH3996 Reveal Genetic Lineage and Diversity of Pathogenic Machinery beyond the Species Level

Cited by 146 publications

References 33 publications

Biochemical, Serological, and Virulence Characterization of Clinical and Oyster Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates

Biochemical, Serological, and Virulence Characterization of Clinical and Oyster Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates

The First Report of <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> Strain O10:K60 in Japan, a New Combination of O and K Serotypes Isolated from a Patient with Gastroenteritis

Horizontal gene transfer of a genetic island encoding a type III secretion system distributed inVibrio cholerae

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