Ice, moraine, and landslide dams in mountainous terrain

Korup, Oliver; Tweed, Fiona S.

doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.10.012

Cited by 203 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 116 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

142

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Costa and Schuster (1988) found that 27 % of dams fail within 1 day of formation while only 15 % survive for more than 1 year. Nonetheless, statistically only 35 % of known New Zealand dams have failed; however, Korup (2005) and Korup and Tweed (2007) note that this is most likely an artefact of under-reporting and undersampling of dam formation and recognition of failed dams due to the often remote location of such events.…”

Section: Dam-break Floodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (Mw = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand

Robinson

Davies

2013

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. The Alpine Fault in New Zealand's South Island has not sustained a large magnitude earthquake since ca. AD 1717. The time since this rupture is close to the average inferred recurrence interval of the fault (∼ 300 yr). The Alpine Fault is therefore expected to generate a large magnitude earthquake in the near future. Previous ruptures of this fault are inferred to have generated M w = 8.0 or greater earthquakes and to have resulted in, amongst other geomorphic hazards, large-scale landslides and landslide dams throughout the Southern Alps. There is currently 85 % probability that the Alpine Fault will cause a M w = 8.0+ earthquake within the next 100 yr. While the seismic hazard is fairly well understood, that of the consequential geomorphic activity is less well studied, and these consequences are explored herein. They are expected to include landsliding, landslide damming, dam-break flooding, debris flows, river aggradation, liquefaction, and landslidegenerated lake/fiord tsunami. Using evidence from previous events within New Zealand as well as analogous international examples, we develop first-order estimates of the likely magnitude and possible locations of the geomorphic effects associated with earthquakes. Landsliding is expected to affect an area > 30 000 km 2 and involve > 1 billion m 3 of material. Some tens of landslide dams are expected to occur in narrow, steep-sided gorges in the affected region. Debris flows will be generated in the first long-duration rainfall after the earthquake and will continue to occur for several years as rainfall (re)mobilises landslide material. In total more than 1000 debris flows are likely to be generated at some time after the earthquake. Aggradation of up to 3 m will cover an area > 125 km 2 and is likely to occur on many West Coast alluvial fans and floodplains. The impact of these effects will be felt across the entire South Island and is likely to continue for several decades.

show abstract

Section: Dam-break Floodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (Mw = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand

Robinson

Davies

2013

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Most landslide dam disasters due to excessively rainfall or earthquake events (Schuster 1993) occur in landslideprone countries, including New Zealand (Korup 2004, Korup 2005Korup and Tweed 2007), Japan (Tabata et al 2002), China (Chen et al 1992;Dai et al 2005;Liu et al 2010), and especially Taiwan with its frequent torrential rainfall and earthquake events (Chen 1999;Shou and Wang 2003;Hsu and Hsu 2009). The floods resulting from the bursting of a landslide dam can result in serious bank erosion and inundation of populated areas and farmland near the river.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation, failure, and consequences of the Xiaolin landslide dam, triggered by extreme rainfall from Typhoon Morakot, Taiwan

Wu¹,

Chen²,

Zhang³

2013

Landslides

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An extreme rainfall event on August 9, 2009, which was close to setting a world record for 48-h accumulated rainfall, induced the Xiaolin deep-seated landslide, which was located in southwestern Taiwan and had volume of 27.6×10 6 m 3 , and caused the formation of a landslide dam. The landslide dam burst in a very short time, and little information remained afterward. We reconstructed the process of formation and failure of the Xiaolin landslide dam and also inferred the area of the impoundment and topographic changes. A 5 × 5-m digital elevation model, the recorded water stage of the Qishan River, and data from field investigation were used for analysis. The spectral magnitude of the seismic signals induced by the Xiaolin landslide and flooding due to failure of the landslide dam were analyzed to estimate the timing of the dam breach and the peak discharge of the subsequent flood. The Xiaolin landslide dam failure resulted from overtopping. We verified the longevity of the Xiaolin landslide dam at about 2h relying on seismic signals and water level records. In addition, the inundated area, volume of the impoundment behind the Xiaolin landslide dam, and peak discharge of the flood were estimated at 92.3ha, 19.5×10 6 m 3 , and 17×10 3 m 3 /s, respectively. The mean velocity of the flood-recession wave front due to the dam blockage was estimated at 28km/h, and the peak flooding velocity after failure of the dam was estimated at 23km/h. The Xiaolin landslide provides an invaluable opportunity for understanding the mechanism of deep-seated landslides and flooding processes following a landslide dam failure.

show abstract

“…Comparison with other documented moraine-dam failures Geomorphological reworking of valley-floors downstream of moraine-dammed lakes by GLOFs has been widely documented (Clague and Evans, 2000;Richardson and Reynolds, 2000;Cenderelli and Wohl, 2003;Korup and Tweed, 2007;Osti and Egashira, 2009;Worni et al, 2012). In many instances, distinct alluvial debris-fans similar to that observed beneath the main breach at Chukhung are located immediately downstream of moraine (Vuichard and Zimmerman, 1987;Evans and Clague, 1994;Kershaw et al, 2005) and landslide dambreaches (Dunning et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussion and Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Alternatively, a moraine-dammed lake may develop in the proglacial area between a terminal moraine and a receding glacier terminus as glacial meltwater ponds in the newly deglaciated basin. However, this mode of lake formation requires that the moraine is stable enough to resist seepage-or piping-induced failure, and to maintain a spillway on the dam crest (Costa and Schuster, 1988;Clague and Evans, 2000;Korup and Tweed, 2007).…”

Section: Glaciological and Hydrological Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstructing historic Glacial Lake Outburst Floods through numerical modelling and geomorphological assessment: Extreme events in the Himalaya

Westoby

Glasser

Hambrey

et al. 2014

Earth Surf Processes Landf

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Recession of high-mountain glaciers in response to climatic change frequently results in the development of morainedammed glacial lakes. Moraine dam failure is often accompanied by the release of large volumes of water and sediment, termed a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF). Chukhung Glacier is a small (~3 km 2 ) receding valley glacier in Mt. Everest (Sagarmatha) National Park, Nepal. Unlike many Himalayan glaciers, which possess a thick mantle of supraglacial debris, its surface is relatively clean. The glacier terminus has receded 1.3 km from its maximum Holocene position, and in doing so provided the space for an icecontact moraine-dammed lake to develop. The lake had a maximum volume of 5.5 × 10 5 m 3 and drained as a result of breaching of the terminal moraine. An estimated 1.3 × 10 5 m 3 of material was removed from the terminal moraine during breach development. Numerical dam-breach modelling, implemented within a Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) framework, was used to investigate a range of moraine-dam failure scenarios. Reconstructed outflow peak discharges, including failure via overtopping and piping mechanisms, are in the range 146-2200 m 3 s -1 . Results from two-dimensional hydrodynamic GLOF modelling indicate that maximum local flow depths may have exceeded 9 m, with maximum flow velocities exceeding 20 m s -1 within 700 m of the breach. The floodwaters mobilised a significant amount of material, sourced mostly from the expanding breach, forming a 300 m long and 100 m wide debris fan originating at the breach exit. moraine-dam. These results also suggest that inundation of the entire floodplain may have been achieved within ten minutes of initial breach development, suggesting that debris fan development was rapid. We discuss the key glaciological and geomorphological factors that have determined the evolution of a hazardous moraine-dammed lake complex and the subsequent generation of a GLOF and its geomorphological impact.

show abstract

Ice, moraine, and landslide dams in mountainous terrain

Cited by 203 publications

References 116 publications

Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand

Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand

Formation, failure, and consequences of the Xiaolin landslide dam, triggered by extreme rainfall from Typhoon Morakot, Taiwan

Reconstructing historic Glacial Lake Outburst Floods through numerical modelling and geomorphological assessment: Extreme events in the Himalaya

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Ice, moraine, and landslide dams in mountainous terrain

Cited by 203 publications

References 116 publications

Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand

Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand

Formation, failure, and consequences of the Xiaolin landslide dam, triggered by extreme rainfall from Typhoon Morakot, Taiwan

Reconstructing historic Glacial Lake Outburst Floods through numerical modelling and geomorphological assessment: Extreme events in the Himalaya

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand

Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand