Ice friction, wear features and their dependence on sliding velocity and temperature

Temperature dependence of ice-on-rock friction at realistic glacier conditions

“…At very high velocities (more than 10 −3 m s −1 ) and temperatures (more than −10°C), frictional heating is great enough to melt the ice surface and provide a lubricating film, providing very low friction [8,41,42]. At very low temperatures (less than −100°C), frictional sliding has been attributed to elastically deforming asperities that undergo shear failure [10].…”

Morphology of ice wear from rubber–ice friction tests and its dependence on temperature and sliding velocity

“…9) was worn at high velocity (2.1 m s −1 ) and relatively low temperature (−20 • C) conditions. The features shown on these images are very similar to those of ice wear on a hard substrate (steel) [23], explained by the stiff behaviour of rubber at low temperatures and high frequencies (and velocities) [25]. Wear striations are clearly visible on the surface in the direction of transport ( Fig.…”

“…9(b)). The wear surface shows signs of melting with "sausage-shaped" ridges present, identified in Marmo et al [23] as being formed by refreezing of liquid ( Fig. 9(c)).…”

“…After tribology experiments, the wear surfaces were observed using a Hitachi S4700 LT-SEM fitted with a Gatan Alto 2500 cryo-preparation system [23]. A new ice sample was made for each wear surface observation.…”

“…These mechanisms are difficult to observe both directly (by optical microscopy [10,11]) and indirectly (by inspection using crossed-polarizers after wear [22]) because of the small size of some of the features. Recent advances in LT-SEM make possible detailed indirect measurements and observation of friction-produced features on wear surfaces [23]. Observation of these features allows insight to the frictional processes that produce them.…”